Dietary restriction

1. Time-restricted feeding decreases body weight in humans (-3·36 kg, p = 0·008).

   Human trialoverweight or obesity≤10-hour eating window7 weeksfemalesn = 131

   Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial · The British journal of nutrition · 25 Sep 2026

2. Time-restricted feeding decreases body weight in humans (-3.50 kg ± 2.9).

   Human trialin adults with obesity and T2DM6 weeksn = 39

   The effect of time-restricted eating accompanied by weight loss on thyroid function in adults with type 2 diabetes · Journal of the Endocrine Society · 23 Sep 2026

3. Intermittent fasting decreases body weight in humans.

   Human trialin prostate cancer patients on active surveillance6 monthsmalesn = 10

   Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie energy reduction in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance · Translational behavioral medicine · 1 Jan 2026

4. Caloric restriction decreases body weight in humans (-5.79% [95% CI: -3.48, -8.09]).

   Human trialin prostate cancer patients on active surveillance6 monthsmalesn = 10

   Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie energy reduction in prostate cancer patients on active surveillance · Translational behavioral medicine · 1 Jan 2026

1. Intermittent fasting induces respiratory sarcopenia in humans.

   Human trialadversely affecting NMJ and nervous systemmales

   Ramadan fasting induces respiratory sarcopenia in older men · European journal of applied physiology · 28 Sep 2026

Respiratory sarcopenia →

1. Intermittent fasting decreases maximal expiratory pressure in humans.

   Human trialat day 28 of Ramadan28 daysmales

   Ramadan fasting induces respiratory sarcopenia in older men · European journal of applied physiology · 28 Sep 2026

Maximal expiratory pressure →

1. Intermittent fasting increases NOS3 in mice.

   “ADF enhanced hepatocyte eNOS expression”

   Animalsliver

   Alternate-day fasting resolves liver fibrosis via hepatocyte eNOS signaling · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 27 Sep 2026

NOS3 →

1. Caloric restriction decreases anxiety-like behavior in rodents.

   Reviewmild CR (<40%)

   Caloric restriction and neuropsychiatric phenotypes: A critical review of preclinical data · Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 26 Sep 2026

1. Intermittent fasting activates nutrient sensing.

   Review

   Neuroenergetic flexibility in the aging brain: Cellular mechanisms and diet-induced metabolic switching · Ageing research reviews · 26 Sep 2026

Nutrient sensing →

1. Protein restriction decreases metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in humans.

   “protein restriction (which inhibits mTORC1) similarly reshaped the BA profile in mice and correlated with improved metabolic outcomes in MASLD patients.”

   Humansin MASLD patients

   mTORC1-TFEB/TFE3 signaling is associated with bile acid diversification during hepatic metabolic adaptation · Science advances · 25 Sep 2026

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease →

1. Time-restricted feeding decreases HDL cholesterol in humans.

   Human trialoverweight or obesity≤10-hour eating window7 weeksfemalesn = 131

   Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial · The British journal of nutrition · 25 Sep 2026

HDL cholesterol →

1. Time-restricted feeding decreases visceral fat area in humans (-12·82 cm 2 , p = 0·020).

   Human trialoverweight or obesity≤10-hour eating window7 weeksfemalesn = 131

   Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial · The British journal of nutrition · 25 Sep 2026

1. Time-restricted feeding decreases fat mass in humans (-1·53 kg, p = 0·025).

   Human trialoverweight or obesity≤10-hour eating window7 weeksfemalesn = 131

   Interaction between time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in women with overweight or obesity: a 2 × 2 factorial randomised controlled trial · The British journal of nutrition · 25 Sep 2026

1. Protein restriction is associated with bile acid composition in mice.

   “protein restriction (which inhibits mTORC1) similarly reshaped the BA profile in mice”

   Animalsin mice

   mTORC1-TFEB/TFE3 signaling is associated with bile acid diversification during hepatic metabolic adaptation · Science advances · 25 Sep 2026

Bile acid composition →

1. Caloric restriction is associated with RNA splicing in mice.

   Animalsbrain

   Caloric restriction dynamically alters RNA splicing and lipid composition in mouse brains · bioRxiv · 22 Sep 2026 · Preprint

RNA splicing →