Beta-hydroxybutyrate

1. (r)-3-hydroxybutyl (r)-3-hydroxybutyrate increases beta-hydroxybutyrate in mice.

   Animals

   Ketone ester supplementation in aged mice produces sex-specific cognitive and metabolic effects · GeroScience · 23 Sep 2026

(r)-3-hydroxybutyl (r)-3-hydroxybutyrate →

1. Acetoacetate increases beta-hydroxybutyrate in yeast cells.

   “Alternative carbon sources and supplementing yeast media with acetoacetate drive βHB levels.”

   Cellsmedia supplementation

   Exploring Acetyl-CoA-Mediated Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment in Yeast: A Mechanistic Link to Longevity · GSA 2025 abstract · 31 Dec 2025

Acetoacetate →

1. Caloric restriction increases beta-hydroxybutyrate in yeast cells.

   “we detect βHB for the first time in stationary-phase and CR conditions via metabolomics, GC-MS, and luminescence assays.”

   Cellsstationary-phase and CR conditions

   Exploring Acetyl-CoA-Mediated Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment in Yeast: A Mechanistic Link to Longevity · GSA 2025 abstract · 31 Dec 2025

Caloric restriction →

1. ACS1 is required for beta-hydroxybutyrate in yeast cells.

   “In addition, we identify mitochondrial acetyl-CoA metabolism (ACS1) and mtFAS pathways to be critical for βHB enrichment during CR.”

   Cellsduring CR

   Exploring Acetyl-CoA-Mediated Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment in Yeast: A Mechanistic Link to Longevity · GSA 2025 abstract · 31 Dec 2025

ACS1 →