Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Outcomes

Inflammation

downin human cells1downin mouse cells1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate decreases inflammation in mouse cells.
“Furthermore, we confirmed that BHB similarly reduces LPS-induced inflammation in primary mouse microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).”
Cellsin LPS-treated primary mouse microglia and BMDMsmicroglia
A KETOGENIC DIET REDUCES AGE-INDUCED CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MICE · GSA 2024 abstract · 31 Dec 2024
Beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits inflammation in human cells.
“However, BHB inhibits the more pronounced LPS-induced inflammatory gene activation in microglia.”
Cellsin LPS-treated primary human microgliamicroglia
A KETOGENIC DIET REDUCES AGE-INDUCED CHRONIC NEUROINFLAMMATION IN MICE · GSA 2024 abstract · 31 Dec 2024

TBX21

downin mouse cells1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate decreases TBX21 in mouse cells.
Cellsaged splenocytesspleen
Ketone ester supplementation reduces age-associated B cell activation in aged mice without impairing antibody responses · Research Square · 3 Sep 2026 · Preprint

mTOR signalling

downin mouse cells1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits mTOR signalling in mouse cells.
Cellsaged splenocytes in vitrospleen
Ketone ester supplementation reduces age-associated B cell activation in aged mice without impairing antibody responses · Research Square · 3 Sep 2026 · Preprint

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T antitumor activity

upin mice1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate improves chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T antitumor activity in mice.
Animalsin aged microenvironment
Aging microenvironment induces CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion by suppressing hepatic β-hydroxybutyrylate synthesis · Cell metabolism · 3 Sep 2026

CD8+ T cell dysfunction

downin mice1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate decreases CD8+ T cell dysfunction in mice.
Animalsin aged microenvironment
Aging microenvironment induces CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion by suppressing hepatic β-hydroxybutyrylate synthesis · Cell metabolism · 3 Sep 2026

Lifespan

upin yeast cells1Very low certainty

1 study

Beta-hydroxybutyrate extends lifespan in yeast cells.
“βHB supplementation extends chronological lifespan dose-dependently, mirroring CR’s effects, and combined CR + βHB yields additive lifespan extension.”
Cellsdose-dependently
Exploring Acetyl-CoA-Mediated Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment in Yeast: A Mechanistic Link to Longevity · GSA 2025 abstract · 31 Dec 2025