SGLT2 inhibitors

1. Sotagliflozin decreases cardiovascular events in humans.

   Reviewtype 2 diabetes and recent worsening heart failure

   Cost-Effectiveness of Sotagliflozin in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fractions - Results from SOLOIST-WHF · The American journal of cardiology · 30 Sep 2026

1. Sotagliflozin improves quality-adjusted life-years in silico (0.39 QALYs (4.43 vs. 4.04)).

   In silicodiabetes and recent worsening heart failure

   Cost-Effectiveness of Sotagliflozin in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fractions - Results from SOLOIST-WHF · The American journal of cardiology · 30 Sep 2026

1. Sotagliflozin extends lifespan in silico (0.64 life-years (7.12 vs. 6.48)).

   In silicodiabetes and recent worsening heart failure

   Cost-Effectiveness of Sotagliflozin in Heart Failure Patients with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fractions - Results from SOLOIST-WHF · The American journal of cardiology · 30 Sep 2026

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease oxidative stress and ROS signalling.

   Review

   SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms, physiology and pharmacology, and clinical applications · Molecular biomedicine · 30 Sep 2026

Oxidative stress and ROS signalling →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease TNF-alpha in humans (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.07).

   Review

   Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 28 Sep 2026

TNF-alpha →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors have no effect on IL-6 in humans (MD -1.53 pg/mL, 95% CI -3.69 to 0.64).

   Review

   Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 28 Sep 2026

IL-6 →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors have no effect on C-reactive protein in humans (MD -1.13 mg/L, 95% CI -2.31 to 0.05).

   Review

   Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 28 Sep 2026

C-reactive protein →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors have no effect on severe urogenital infections in humans.

   Humansrequiring hospitalization or emergency department visits compared with DPP-4i

   SGLT2 inhibitors raise genital but not urinary infection risk · Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 28 Sep 2026

Severe urogenital infections →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors have no effect on urinary tract infection in humans (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.83-1.17).

   Humanscompared with DPP-4i initiation in patients with T2DM and CKD

   SGLT2 inhibitors raise genital but not urinary infection risk · Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 28 Sep 2026

Urinary tract infection →

1. Empagliflozin decreases daily paracentesis volume in humans (mean difference -0.70 L/day, 95%CI: -1.17 to -0.23).

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes, decompensated cirrhosis, and refractory ascites10 mg once daily10 daysn = 21

   Empagliflozin Promotes Natriuresis in Diabetic Patients with Cirrhotic Refractory Ascites: A Proof-of-Concept Study · Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD · 26 Sep 2026

1. Empagliflozin increases 24-hour urine volume in humans (+ 822 mL/24 h (95%CI: 403-1240)).

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes, decompensated cirrhosis, and refractory ascites10 mg once daily10 daysn = 21

   Empagliflozin Promotes Natriuresis in Diabetic Patients with Cirrhotic Refractory Ascites: A Proof-of-Concept Study · Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD · 26 Sep 2026

1. Empagliflozin increases 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in humans (+92.1 mmol/24 h (95%CI: 47.1-137.2)).

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes, decompensated cirrhosis, and refractory ascites10 mg once daily10 daysn = 21

   Empagliflozin Promotes Natriuresis in Diabetic Patients with Cirrhotic Refractory Ascites: A Proof-of-Concept Study · Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD · 26 Sep 2026

24-hour urinary sodium excretion →

1. Empagliflozin increases fractional excretion of sodium in humans (+0.44 percentage points (95%CI: 0.05-0.83; p=0.029)).

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes, decompensated cirrhosis, and refractory ascites10 mg once daily10 daysn = 21

   Empagliflozin Promotes Natriuresis in Diabetic Patients with Cirrhotic Refractory Ascites: A Proof-of-Concept Study · Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD · 26 Sep 2026

Fractional excretion of sodium →

1. Sotagliflozin has no effect on liver injury in humans.

   Review

   Sotagliflozin · National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda (MD) · 19 Sep 2026

Liver injury →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease IFN-γ production by γδ T cells in humans (approximately 40% reduction).

   “successful antidiabetic therapy was associated with a progressive reduction in IFN-γ production, reaching approximately 40% after 12 months”

   Human trialin patients with poorly controlled T2D12 monthsn = 25

   γδ T-cell interferon-γ production reflects metabolic improvement during SGLT2 inhibitor-based therapy in type 2 diabetes · Frontiers in endocrinology · 11 Sep 2026

IFN-γ production by γδ T cells →

1. Empagliflozin has no effect on lipoprotein profiles in humans.

   “without altering lipoprotein profiles”

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes3 months

   Metabolic and Lipoprotein Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Empagliflozin · Biomedicines · 8 Sep 2026

1. Empagliflozin increases hematocrit in humans (1.74 ± 2.08%).

   “hematocrit (mean difference = 1.74 ± 2.08%”

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes1 month

   Metabolic and Lipoprotein Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Empagliflozin · Biomedicines · 8 Sep 2026

Hematocrit →

1. Empagliflozin increases serum magnesium in humans (0.26 ± 0.38 mg/dL).

   “Empagliflozin increased serum magnesium (mean difference = 0.26 ± 0.38 mg/dL”

   Human trialtype 2 diabetes1 month

   Metabolic and Lipoprotein Changes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Empagliflozin · Biomedicines · 8 Sep 2026

Serum magnesium →

1. SGLT2 inhibitors increase glycosuria in humans (69.4% vs. 39.9%).

   “Glycosuria was more frequent among users than nonusers (69.4% vs. 39.9%; OR = 3.43; 95% CI, 2.02-5.82; p p = 0.110).”

   Humansat least three months

   Association of SGLT2 Inhibitor Use with Glycosuria, Pyuria, Urinary Symptoms, and Significant Urine Culture Positivity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 7 Sep 2026

Glycosuria →

1. Dapagliflozin decreases HbA1c in humans.

   Humanscompared with combination therapy with semaglutide6 months

   Dapagliflozin Alone or Combined With Semaglutide: Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a 6-Month Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study in Saudi Arabia · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · 13 Aug 2026

HbA1c →

1. Empagliflozin decreases estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in humans.

   Reviewadults with CKD

   Empagliflozin: Reimbursement Recommendation · Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa (ON) · 1 Aug 2026

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease mortality in humans.

   Reviewtype 2 diabetes mellitus and gout

   Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on gout-related and cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review · Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 24 Jul 2026

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease serum uric acid in humans.

   Reviewtype 2 diabetes mellitus and gout

   Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on gout-related and cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review · Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 24 Jul 2026

Serum uric acid →

1. Dapagliflozin improves histological endpoints of MASH in humans.

   Reviewin the DEAN trial

   Dapagliflozin in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Potential · Euroasian journal of hepato-gastroenterology · 1 Jan 2026

1. Dapagliflozin decreases hepatic fat in humans.

   Reviewin MASLD / MASH

   Dapagliflozin in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Clinical Evidence and Therapeutic Potential · Euroasian journal of hepato-gastroenterology · 1 Jan 2026

1. SGLT2 inhibitors decrease hospitalization in humans.

   Reviewin HFpEF

   Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Challenges and Current Approaches · Research in heart yield and translational medicine · 1 Jan 2026

1. SGLT2 inhibitors lower the risk of gout in humans.

   Reviewtype 2 diabetes mellitus and gout

   Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on gout-related and cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review · Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 24 Jul 2026

Gout →