Endurance exercise

1. Endurance exercise improves aging-related phenotypic deterioration in flies.

   Model organismsin muscle Tim gene knockdown and overexpression flies4-week

   Muscle-Specific Upregulation of Timeless Mediates Exercise-Induced Amelioration of Age-Related Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Cardiac Dysfunction in Drosophila · Aging cell · 1 Sep 2026

1. Endurance exercise has no effect on pulsatility index in humans (β = 0.026).

   Humans≥ 3 years

   Intracranial Cerebrovascular Characteristics Associated With Long-Term Endurance Exercise and Age-Related Changes: A 4D Flow MRI Study · Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 30 Aug 2026

Pulsatility index →

1. Endurance exercise increases resistive index in humans (β = 0.054).

   Humans≥ 3 years

   Intracranial Cerebrovascular Characteristics Associated With Long-Term Endurance Exercise and Age-Related Changes: A 4D Flow MRI Study · Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 30 Aug 2026

Resistive index →

1. Endurance exercise increases luminal cross-sectional area in humans (β = 1.119 mm2).

   Humans≥ 3 years

   Intracranial Cerebrovascular Characteristics Associated With Long-Term Endurance Exercise and Age-Related Changes: A 4D Flow MRI Study · Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 30 Aug 2026

Luminal cross-sectional area →

1. Endurance exercise increases total cerebral blood flow in humans (β = 52.929 mL/min).

   Humans≥ 3 years

   Intracranial Cerebrovascular Characteristics Associated With Long-Term Endurance Exercise and Age-Related Changes: A 4D Flow MRI Study · Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 30 Aug 2026

Total cerebral blood flow →

1. Endurance exercise has no effect on flow-mediated dilation in humans.

   Human trialin non-trained limbssupervised cyclingforearm12 monthsn = 7

   One Year of Endurance Exercise Training Does not Improve Vascular Function in Non-Trained Limbs in Healthy Individuals · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 1 Aug 2026

Flow-mediated dilation →

1. Endurance exercise improves VO2max in humans (baseline: 40.3 vs. 6 months: 50.8 mL·min−1·kg−1).

   Human trialpreviously untrained healthy young adultssupervised cycling6 monthsn = 7

   One Year of Endurance Exercise Training Does not Improve Vascular Function in Non-Trained Limbs in Healthy Individuals · Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 1 Aug 2026

VO2max →