Running Against Time: The Effects of Endurance Exercise on Telomere Dynamics and Longevity

Telomere attrition, recognized as the hallmark of aging, is linked to an increased risk of certain negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disease.Regular endurance exercise is one potential solution to lengthening telomeres; however, since high-intensity endurance exercise causes oxidative stress, the direct impact of running on telomere dynamics remains unclear.This review synthesizes current literature on leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in endurance runners and evaluates emerging biotechnological interventions targeting telomere attrition.In addition, it examines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies comparing LTLs in trained endurance athletes, sedentary individuals, and age-matched controls.From analyzing different studies, evidence indicates that habitual aerobic exercise, particularly running, is associated with longer LTL and delayed biological aging, though excessive high-intensity training may accelerate telomere shortening.Other solutions to telomere shortening can be mitigated through various biotechnological approaches, including telomerase activators (e.g., TA-65), telomerase gene therapy, and senolytics.Although these approaches have been recognized for reducing senescent cells and extending telomere lengths, concerns regarding cancer risk and long-term safety persist.Overall, the findings suggest that endurance running slows biological aging by attenuating age-related telomere attrition.Further integrating exercise with emerging telomere-targeted therapies offers complementary strategies for promoting healthspan.