Biguanides

1. Metformin has no effect on osteosarcopenia in humans.

   Reviewtype 2 diabetes

   Prevalence, risk factors and adverse health outcomes of osteosarcopenia in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a scoping review · Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 3 Oct 2026

Osteosarcopenia →

1. Metformin improves antioxidant enzyme activity in flies.

   Model organismsin high-sucrose diet fed flies10 days

   Metformin modulates survival, oxidative stress, and gene expression in a high-sucrose Drosophila diabetes model · PloS one · 1 Oct 2026

Antioxidant enzyme activity →

1. Metformin improves pupation in flies.

   Model organismsin high-sucrose diet fed flies10 days

   Metformin modulates survival, oxidative stress, and gene expression in a high-sucrose Drosophila diabetes model · PloS one · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin improves locomotor performance in flies.

   Model organismsin high-sucrose diet fed flies10 days

   Metformin modulates survival, oxidative stress, and gene expression in a high-sucrose Drosophila diabetes model · PloS one · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin improves survival in flies.

   Model organismsin high-sucrose diet fed flies10 days

   Metformin modulates survival, oxidative stress, and gene expression in a high-sucrose Drosophila diabetes model · PloS one · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin increases proportion of low gait speed in humans (71.4% vs. 40.9%).

   Humans7.8% ≤ HbA1c < 9.4%

   Metformin in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Physical Function: Positive or Negative Correlation? · International journal of endocrinology · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin decreases skeletal muscle mass in humans (17.2 ± 3.0 vs. 19.9 ± 4.5 kg).

   Humans7.8% ≤ HbA1c < 9.4%

   Metformin in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Physical Function: Positive or Negative Correlation? · International journal of endocrinology · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin increases proportion of low grip strength in humans (48.5% vs. 19.7%).

   Humansin elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes

   Metformin in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Physical Function: Positive or Negative Correlation? · International journal of endocrinology · 1 Oct 2026

1. Metformin decreases vitamin B12 in humans (569.3 vs. 825.3 pg/mL).

   Humanstype 2 diabetesn = 587

   Metformin Use Is Associated With Better Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analysis of Vitamin B12 and Methylmalonic Acid Pathways in NHANES 2011-2014 · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 28 Sep 2026

Vitamin B12 →

1. Metformin raises the risk of sarcopenia in humans.

   Humansin patients with poor glycemic control

   Metformin in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Physical Function: Positive or Negative Correlation? · International journal of endocrinology · 1 Oct 2026

Sarcopenia →

1. Metformin is associated with cognitive function in humans (47.5 vs. 39.5).

   Humanstype 2 diabetesn = 587

   Metformin Use Is Associated With Better Cognitive Performance in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analysis of Vitamin B12 and Methylmalonic Acid Pathways in NHANES 2011-2014 · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 28 Sep 2026

1. Metformin lowers the risk of retinal vein occlusion in humans (HR = 0.46, 0.30-0.73).

   Reviewmonotherapy in cohort study

   Potential protective associations of antidiabetic and lipid-lowering therapies with retinal vein occlusion risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis · Eye (London, England) · 24 Sep 2026

Retinal vein occlusion →