APP/PS1

1. APP/PS1 impairs cognitive function in 5xFAD mice.

   “by 8-9 months, these mice developed impairments in spatial working memory, novel object recognition memory, and social recognition memory.”

   Animalsin 5xFAD mice

   Chronic social isolation-unpredictable stress induces early-onset cognitive deficits and exacerbates Aβ accumulation in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

   Molecular psychiatry·Jun 4, 2025

2. APP/PS1 impairs cognitive function in mice with ageing in APP/PS1 mice.

   “with the increase of age in APP/PS1 mice, cognitive impairment, hippocampal neuron mitochondrial damage, and autophagosome accumulation all increased.”

   Animalswith ageing in APP/PS1 micehippocampus

   Mitochondrial damage-induced abnormal glucose metabolism with ageing in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice

   Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society·Jun 8, 2023

3. APP/PS1 impairs cognitive function in mice.

   “Aged APP/PS1 mice had reference memory deficits as well as anxiety, hyperactivity, and social interaction impairment.”

   Animalsmales

   Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice

   Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)·Jul 21, 2016

1. APP/PS1 showed no clear effect on behavioral hearing detection in APP/PS1 versus WT control mice.

   “there were no differences between mutant and WT mice.”

   Animalsin APP/PS1 versus WT control mice

   Differences in hearing across the lifespan in two strains of Alzheimer's mouse models as measured using behavioral and physiological techniques

   Hearing research·Jan 29, 2026

1. APP/PS1 increases L1 ORF1 and ORF2 protein expression in mice (compared to age-matched wild-types).

   “Compared to age-matched wild-types, APP/PS1 mice constantly have significantly decreased L1 content but increased L1 expression”

   Animalscompared to age-matched wild-typesbrain

   Unveiling Aging and Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Dynamics of LINE1 DNA Content and Protein Expression in Mouse Brains

   Aging cell·Nov 17, 2025

More on L1 ORF1 and ORF2 protein expression

1. APP/PS1 decreases LINE1 DNA copy number in mice (compared to age-matched wild-types).

   “Compared to age-matched wild-types, APP/PS1 mice constantly have significantly decreased L1 content but increased L1 expression”

   Animalscompared to age-matched wild-typesbrain

   Unveiling Aging and Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Dynamics of LINE1 DNA Content and Protein Expression in Mouse Brains

   Aging cell·Nov 17, 2025

More on LINE1 DNA copy number

1. APP/PS1 increases immune response in mice (APP/PS1 mouse model of AD).

   “increased numbers of hippocampus infiltrating effector immune cell subsets, including CD8 T cells expressing IFNγ, granzyme B, and perforin”

   AnimalsAPP/PS1 mouse model of ADhippocampus

   Heightened effector immune cell infiltration of the hippocampus concurrently with brain ventricular volume expansion in aged APP/PS1 mice

   Journal of neuroimmunology·May 26, 2025

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1. APP/PS1 increases ventricular volume in mice (APP/PS1 mouse model of AD).

   “Aged APP/PS1 mice present with increased size of lateral, dorsal, and ventral ventricles”

   AnimalsAPP/PS1 mouse model of ADbrain ventricles

   Heightened effector immune cell infiltration of the hippocampus concurrently with brain ventricular volume expansion in aged APP/PS1 mice

   Journal of neuroimmunology·May 26, 2025

1. APP/PS1 induces apoptosis in mice (Alzheimer's disease model).

   “there was overt apoptosis in the inner and outer nuclear layers of the APP/PS1 mice retinas”

   AnimalsAlzheimer's disease modelretina

   Age- and Sex-Specific Regulation of Serine Racemase in the Retina of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse

   Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·Jan 2, 2025

More on Apoptosis

1. APP/PS1 impairs b-wave amplitude in mice (Alzheimer's disease model).

   “At 8 months of age, male APP/PS1 mice began to display reduced b-wave amplitude in scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) recordings”

   AnimalsAlzheimer's disease modelretinamales

   Age- and Sex-Specific Regulation of Serine Racemase in the Retina of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse

   Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·Jan 2, 2025

1. APP/PS1 decreases D-serine in mice (Alzheimer's disease model).

   “aqueous humor D-serine was lower in 24-month-old APP/PS1 male mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice”

   AnimalsAlzheimer's disease modelaqueous humormales

   Age- and Sex-Specific Regulation of Serine Racemase in the Retina of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse

   Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·Jan 2, 2025

More on D-serine

1. APP/PS1 increases serine racemase in mice (Alzheimer's disease model).

   “SR levels were significantly higher in the retinas of 18- and 24-month-old male APP/PS1 mice”

   AnimalsAlzheimer's disease modelretinamales

   Age- and Sex-Specific Regulation of Serine Racemase in the Retina of an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse

   Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·Jan 2, 2025

More on Serine racemase

1. APP/PS1 raises the risk of tumor incidence in mice (aged APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice vs wild-type).

   “Tumors in all organs were considerably more frequent in AD mice aged 24 months than in the control wild-type mice.”

   Animalsaged APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice vs wild-type

   Aged AβPPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice as a useful animal model for studying the link between immunological senescence and diseases

   Immunology letters·Feb 12, 2024

1. APP/PS1 is associated with cellular senescence in mice (at the time of amyloid deposition).

   “Senescent endothelial cells and pericytes are present in APP/PS1 transgenic mice but not in wild-type littermates at the time of amyloid deposition.”

   Animalsat the time of amyloid deposition

   Vascular senescence and leak are features of the early breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease models

   GeroScience·Oct 2, 2023

More on Cellular senescence