Obesity duration
upin humans1
Obesity duration is associated with growth differentiation factor 15 in humans (+0.81% (95% CI, 0.25-1.36) per year beyond 25 years).
“0.81% (95% CI, 0.25-1.36) higher GDF-15”
Humansbeyond 25 years of obesity, fully adjusted model
More years of obesity linked to heart stress and injury markers
medRxiv11 Oct 2026Preprint
TERT
downin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with TERT in humans (β = -0.207, 95% CI -0.312 to -0.102).
“hTERT mRNA (β-coefficient = -0.207, 95% CI -0.312 to -0.102, p < 0.001) after adjusting for confounders”
Humansmalesn = 120
GDF15 as a biomarker of ageing
Experimental gerontology6 Jan 2021
Telomerase activity
downin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with telomerase activity in humans (β = -0.583, 95% CI -1.044 to -0.122).
“PBMC telomerase activity (β-coefficient = -0.583, 95% CI -1.044 to -0.122, p = 0.014)”
HumansPBMCmalesn = 120
GDF15 as a biomarker of ageing
Experimental gerontology6 Jan 2021
Telomere length
downin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with telomere length in humans (β = -0.200, 95% CI -0.305 to -0.094).
“telomere length (β-coefficient = -0.200, 95% CI -0.305 to -0.094, p < 0.001)”
Humansmalesn = 120
GDF15 as a biomarker of ageing
Experimental gerontology6 Jan 2021
Chronological age
upin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with chronological age in humans (r = 0.664, p < 0.001).
“Spearman correlation analysis shows that GDF15 positively correlated with age (r = 0.664, p < 0.001)”
Humansmalesn = 120
GDF15 as a biomarker of ageing
Experimental gerontology6 Jan 2021
Heart failure
upin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with heart failure in humans.
“clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and heart failure.”
Humansafter adjustment for CV risk factorsn = 1,004
European heart journal26 Jun 2009
Coronary artery disease
upin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with coronary artery disease in humans.
“increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels, plaque burden, LV mass and concentric LV hypertrophy, reduced LV ejection fraction, and clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and heart failure.”
Humansafter adjustment for CV risk factorsn = 1,004
European heart journal26 Jun 2009
Left ventricular ejection fraction
downin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with left ventricular ejection fraction in humans.
“increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels, plaque burden, LV mass and concentric LV hypertrophy, reduced LV ejection fraction”
Humansafter adjustment for CV risk factorsn = 1,004
European heart journal26 Jun 2009
Carotid plaque burden
upin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with carotid plaque burden in humans.
“increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels, plaque burden, LV mass and concentric LV hypertrophy”
Humansafter adjustment for CV risk factorsn = 1,004
European heart journal26 Jun 2009
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation
downin humans1
Growth differentiation factor 15 is associated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans.
“After adjustment for CV risk factors, increased levels of GDF-15 were associated with reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in resistance vessels”
Humansafter adjustment for CV risk factorsforearm resistance vesselsn = 1,004
European heart journal26 Jun 2009
Each additional year of obesity was associated with 0.41% higher levels of a heart injury marker at age 62.Each additional year of obesity was associated with 0.41% higher levels of a heart injury marker at age 62.
Three weeks of protein injections reduced weight in male and female mice, with greater effects in older mice and those fed a high-fat diet.Three weeks of protein injections reduced weight in male and female mice, with greater effects in older mice and those fed a high-fat diet.