Pm2.5

1. Pm2.5 raises the risk of heart failure in humans (HR per IQR 1.045, 95% CI 1.005-1.086).

   “PM2.5 was associated with a higher risk of incident heart failure after full adjustment (HR per IQR 1.045, 95% CI 1.005-1.086; p = 0.027).”

   Humans17.6 years

   Long-term PM2.5 exposure and incident heart failure in the UK Biobank: relative and absolute risk estimates · Frontiers in public health · 14 Sep 2026

Heart failure →

1. Pm2.5 raises the risk of osteoporosis in humans (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.51).

   “PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased osteoporosis risk (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.51)”

   Review

   Environmental Contaminants and Osteoporosis-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis · Toxics · 7 Sep 2026

Osteoporosis →