Lipoprotein

1. Lipoprotein was not clearly linked with frontotemporal dementia in humans (elevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort) (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.48-1.83).

   “Alzheimer's disease (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85-1.27), vascular dementia (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.27), or frontotemporal dementia (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.48-1.83)”

   Humanselevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort≥50 mg/dLup to 10 yearsn = 54,841

   Lipoprotein(a) and risk of dementia: A propensity score-matched real-world analysis from a global federated research network

   European journal of internal medicine·Jun 2, 2026

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1. Lipoprotein was not clearly linked with vascular dementia in humans (elevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort) (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.27).

   “Alzheimer's disease (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85-1.27), vascular dementia (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86-1.27), or frontotemporal dementia (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.48-1.83)”

   Humanselevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort≥50 mg/dLup to 10 yearsn = 54,841

   Lipoprotein(a) and risk of dementia: A propensity score-matched real-world analysis from a global federated research network

   European journal of internal medicine·Jun 2, 2026

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1. Lipoprotein was not clearly linked with Alzheimer's disease in humans (elevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort) (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85-1.27).

   “elevated Lp(a) was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88-1.10), Alzheimer's disease (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.85-1.27)”

   Humanselevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort≥50 mg/dLup to 10 yearsn = 54,841

   Lipoprotein(a) and risk of dementia: A propensity score-matched real-world analysis from a global federated research network

   European journal of internal medicine·Jun 2, 2026

More on Alzheimer's disease

1. Lipoprotein was not clearly linked with dementia in humans (elevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort) (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88-1.10).

   “elevated Lp(a) was not associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88-1.10)”

   Humanselevated vs normal Lp(a), propensity score-matched cohort≥50 mg/dLup to 10 yearsn = 54,841

   Lipoprotein(a) and risk of dementia: A propensity score-matched real-world analysis from a global federated research network

   European journal of internal medicine·Jun 2, 2026

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1. Lipoprotein was not clearly linked with type 2 diabetes in humans (very low Lp(a) exposure) (OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.64-1.31)).

   “Very low Lp(a) exposure was not associated with type 2 diabetes (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.64-1.31)”

   Humansvery low Lp(a) exposuren = 425,677

   Lp(a) Has Specific Effects on Coronary Artery Disease Independent of LDL-C: A Mendelian Randomization Study

   JACC. Advances·Mar 25, 2026

More on Type 2 diabetes

1. Lipoprotein is linked with higher HbA1c in humans (direct causal effect independent of LDL-C, network deconvolution Mendelian randomization) (β 0.099 (95% CI 0.051-0.15)).

   “independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, on coronary artery disease (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.21-1.54) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; β = 0.099; 95% CI: 0.051-0.15)”

   Humansdirect causal effect independent of LDL-C, network deconvolution Mendelian randomizationn = 425,677

   Lp(a) Has Specific Effects on Coronary Artery Disease Independent of LDL-C: A Mendelian Randomization Study

   JACC. Advances·Mar 25, 2026

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1. Lipoprotein is linked with higher coronary artery disease in humans (direct causal effect independent of LDL-C, network deconvolution Mendelian randomization) (OR 1.36 (95% CI 1.21-1.54)).

   “independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, on coronary artery disease (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.21-1.54)”

   Humansdirect causal effect independent of LDL-C, network deconvolution Mendelian randomizationn = 425,677

   Lp(a) Has Specific Effects on Coronary Artery Disease Independent of LDL-C: A Mendelian Randomization Study

   JACC. Advances·Mar 25, 2026

More on Coronary artery disease

1. Lipoprotein is linked with lower parental life span in humans (genetic risk score weighted for a 50-mg/dL increase in Lp(a) levels) (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89-0.94).

   “were inversely associated with a high parental life span (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.89-0.94; P = 2.7 × 10-8)”

   Humansgenetic risk score weighted for a 50-mg/dL increase in Lp(a) levelsn = 139,362

   Association of Long-term Exposure to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels With Parental Life Span, Chronic Disease-Free Survival, and Mortality Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

   JAMA network open·Feb 5, 2020

1. Lipoprotein predicts myocardial infarction in humans (ancestry-specific optimal thresholds) (86 nmol/L (European); 93 nmol/L (African) optimal thresholds).

   “Among European and African ancestries, 86 (77th percentile) and 93 (59th percentile) nmol/L optimally discriminated myocardial infarction risk, respectively.”

   Humansancestry-specific optimal thresholdsn = 425,677

   Lp(a) Has Specific Effects on Coronary Artery Disease Independent of LDL-C: A Mendelian Randomization Study

   JACC. Advances·Mar 25, 2026

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1. Lipoprotein is linked with a higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in humans (highest vs lowest quintile; higher in men than in women) (adjusted HR 1.32 in men vs 1.13 in women).

   “In the highest quintile of baseline Lp(a) (130 vs 5.2 nmol/L), the risk of ASCVD events was higher in men than in women (adjusted HR: 1.32 vs 1.13, respectively).”

   Humanshighest vs lowest quintile; higher in men than in womenhighest quintile (130 vs 5.2 nmol/L)mens

   Sex- and Age-specific Differences in Lipoprotein(a) and Its Association With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the UK Biobank: A Pragmatic Approach

   AHA Scientific Sessions 2025 abstract·Nov 3, 2025

More on Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

1. Lipoprotein is linked with a higher risk of composite cardiovascular outcome (all-cause death, CVD death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) in humans (fully adjusted Cox models; mutually adjusted for suPAR) (aHR 1.50 (95% CI 1.06–2.13)).

   “High Lp(a) (>70 mg/dL) was also associated with increased risk, though of lower magnitude compared to suPAR (aHR 1.50; 95% CI 1.06–2.13).”

   Humansfully adjusted Cox models; mutually adjusted for suPAR>70 mg/dLn = 4,357

   Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR), Lipoprotein(a), and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

   AHA Scientific Sessions 2025 abstract·Nov 3, 2025

More on Composite cardiovascular outcome (all-cause death, CVD death, myocardial infarction, or stroke)

1. Lipoprotein is associated with lipoprotein(a) concentration in first-degree relatives in humans (pairs of first-degree relatives) (Spearman ρ = 0.45).

   “Levels of Lp(a) were correlated among pairs of first-degree (Spearman ρ = 0.45; P < .001)”

   Humanspairs of first-degree relatives

   Concordance of a High Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Among Relatives

   JAMA cardiology·Oct 11, 2023

More on Lipoprotein(a) concentration in first-degree relatives

1. Lipoprotein is associated with high lipoprotein(a) in second-degree relatives in humans (index relative with high Lp(a) (at least 125 nmol/L) versus index relative without) (OR 3.0 (95% CI 2.7-3.4)).

   “3.0 (95% CI, 2.7-3.4) for second-degree relatives”

   Humansindex relative with high Lp(a) (at least 125 nmol/L) versus index relative without

   Concordance of a High Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Among Relatives

   JAMA cardiology·Oct 11, 2023

More on High lipoprotein(a) in second-degree relatives

1. Lipoprotein is associated with high lipoprotein(a) in first-degree relatives in humans (index relative with high Lp(a) (at least 125 nmol/L) versus index relative without) (OR 7.4 (95% CI 6.8-8.1)).

   “were 7.4 (95% CI, 6.8-8.1) for first-degree relatives”

   Humansindex relative with high Lp(a) (at least 125 nmol/L) versus index relative without

   Concordance of a High Lipoprotein(a) Concentration Among Relatives

   JAMA cardiology·Oct 11, 2023

More on High lipoprotein(a) in first-degree relatives

1. Lipoprotein is associated with executive functions and processing speed in humans (lowest Lp(a) quintile versus higher quintiles, men only) (p = 0.027).

   “Men within the lowest Lp(a)-quintile showed better cognitive performance in the cognitive domain executive functions and processing speed (p = 0.027).”

   Humanslowest Lp(a) quintile versus higher quintiles, men onlymales

   Relationship between Lipoprotein (a) and cognitive function - Results from the Berlin Aging Study II

   Scientific reports·Jun 30, 2020

1. Lipoprotein is linked with a higher risk of mortality in humans (Lp(a) levels equal to or above the 95th percentile, EPIC-Norfolk) (β 0.194 (SE 0.064), equivalent to 1.5 years older chronologic age).

   “the mortality risk for those with Lp(a) levels equal to or above the 95th percentile was equivalent to being 1.5 years older in chronologic age (β coefficient [SE], 0.194 [0.064])”

   HumansLp(a) levels equal to or above the 95th percentile, EPIC-Norfolkn = 18,720

   Association of Long-term Exposure to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) Levels With Parental Life Span, Chronic Disease-Free Survival, and Mortality Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis

   JAMA network open·Feb 5, 2020

1. Lipoprotein is linked with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes in humans (low concentration (bottom 10%)).

   “Low Lp(a) concentration (bottom 10%) increases T2D risk.”

   Humanslow concentration (bottom 10%)

   Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

   Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Dec 9, 2019

More on Type 2 diabetes

1. Lipoprotein is linked with a higher risk of heart failure in humans (dose-dependent association with molar concentration).

   “Lp(a) molar concentration was associated dose-dependently with CAD risk, peripheral artery disease, aortic valve stenosis, heart failure, and lifespan.”

   Humansdose-dependent association with molar concentration

   Lipoprotein(a) Concentration and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes

   Journal of the American College of Cardiology·Dec 9, 2019

More on Heart failure