Waterpipe smoking
Intervention1 paper2 findings
- Humans1
Associations
2Cerebrovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.44Low certainty
1 study
Cerebrovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.44Low certainty
Waterpipe smoking raises the risk of cerebrovascular disease mortality in humans (HR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.08-1.93).
Humanscompared with never-smokers
Waterpipe smoking is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality · American journal of preventive cardiology · 28 Feb 2026
Cardiovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.57Low certainty
1 study
Cardiovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.57Low certainty
Waterpipe smoking raises the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in humans (HR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.16-2.13).
Humanscompared with never-smokers
Waterpipe smoking is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality · American journal of preventive cardiology · 28 Feb 2026
Latest
1Waterpipe smoking is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality
Compared with never-smokers, ever-smokers of waterpipe had about a 60% higher risk of cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio of 1.57.Compared with never-smokers, ever-smokers of waterpipe had about a 60% higher risk of cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio of 1.57.