Waterpipe smoking + cigarette smoking
Intervention1 paper1 finding
- Humans1
Associations
1Cardiovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.77Low certainty
1 study
Cardiovascular disease mortality
upin humans1HR 1.77Low certainty
Waterpipe smoking + cigarette smoking raises the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality in humans (HR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.21-2.60).
Humanscompared with never-smokers
Waterpipe smoking is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality · American journal of preventive cardiology · 28 Feb 2026
Latest
1American Journal of Preventive CardiologyHumans
Waterpipe smoking is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality
Compared with never-smokers, ever-smokers of waterpipe had about a 60% higher risk of cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio of 1.57.Compared with never-smokers, ever-smokers of waterpipe had about a 60% higher risk of cardiovascular death, with a hazard ratio of 1.57.