Nicotine
InterventionApproved 19843 papers5 findingsPubChem 89594ChEBI 17688MeSH D009538
In one mouse study, nicotine increases vasoactive intestinal peptide-, parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons in the auditory cortex after three months, but has no effect on ALPHA2 nicotinic receptor-expressing cells in that region.
- Animals1
Outcomes
5ALPHA2 nicotinic receptor-expressing cells
no changein mice1Very low certainty
1 study
ALPHA2 nicotinic receptor-expressing cells
no changein mice1Very low certainty
Nicotine has no effect on ALPHA2 nicotinic receptor-expressing cells in mice.
Animalsauditory cortex
Chronic nicotine reverses age-related decline of interneuron markers in mouse auditory cortex · Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 9 Sep 2026
Somatostatin-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
1 study
Somatostatin-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
Nicotine increases somatostatin-positive interneurons in mice.
Animalsauditory cortexthree months
Chronic nicotine reverses age-related decline of interneuron markers in mouse auditory cortex · Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 9 Sep 2026
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
1 study
Vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
Nicotine increases vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons in mice.
Animalsauditory cortexthree months
Chronic nicotine reverses age-related decline of interneuron markers in mouse auditory cortex · Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 9 Sep 2026
Parvalbumin-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
1 study
Parvalbumin-positive interneurons
upin mice1Very low certainty
Nicotine increases parvalbumin-positive interneurons in mice.
Animalsauditory cortexthree months
Chronic nicotine reverses age-related decline of interneuron markers in mouse auditory cortex · Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 9 Sep 2026
Arterial stiffness
upin humans1
1 study
Arterial stiffness
upin humans1
Nicotine increases arterial stiffness in humans.
Review
Snus, nicotine pouches and cardiovascular disease: Evidence, mechanisms, and the challenge of novel nicotine products · Journal of internal medicine · 7 Sep 2026
Trials
198Approved
FDA · Nicorette, Nicorette (Mint)
13 Jan 1984 · Smoking
7 Nov 1991 · Smoking
27 Nov 1991 · Smoking
28 Jan 1992 · Discontinued
FDA · Nicorette, Nicorette (Mint)
8 Jun 1992 · Smoking
22 Mar 1996 · Smoking Cessation
All 10Fewer
3 Jul 1996 · Discontinued
2 May 1997 · Discontinued
31 Oct 2002 · Smoking
18 May 2009 · Smoking
Repurposing
Phase 4 · Completed · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 6 trials
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Phase 3 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 3 · Completed · 3 trials
Phase 4 · Results posted · 3 trials
All 28Fewer
Phase 4 · Results posted · 7 trials
Phase 4 · Results posted · 3 trials
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Recruiting · 3 trials
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 4 · Results posted · 66 trials
Phase 4 · Completed · 3 trials
Phase 2 · Recruiting · 1 trial
Phase 2 · Recruiting · 2 trials
Phase 2 · Completed · 2 trials
Phase 2 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 2 · Results posted · 4 trials
Phase 1/2 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 1/2 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 1 · Completed · 1 trial
Phase 1/2 · Results posted · 1 trial
Phase 1/2 · Results posted · 2 trials
Early phase 1 · Results posted · 1 trial
In trials
Cigarette Smoking
Phase 4 · Results posted · 20 trials
Tobacco Use Cessation
Phase 4 · Results posted · 13 trials
Vaping
Phase 4 · Results posted · 10 trials
Tobacco Smoking
Phase 4 · Results posted · 7 trials
Lung Neoplasms
Phase 4 · Results posted · 4 trials
Tobacco Use
Phase 4 · Completed · 3 trials
All 21Fewer
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Phase 4 · Results posted · 2 trials
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Phase 4 · Results posted · 2 trials
Nausea
Phase 4 · Results posted · 2 trials
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Phase 4 · Results posted · 2 trials
Pulmonary heart disease
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Stomach neoplasm
Phase 4 · Results posted · 1 trial
Marijuana Abuse
Phase 3 · Results posted · 3 trials
Harm Reduction
Phase 3 · Completed · 2 trials
Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
Phase 3 · Completed · 2 trials
Small cell lung carcinoma
Phase 3 · Completed · 1 trial
Addictive Behavior
Phase 2 · Completed · 4 trials
Alcohol Drinking
Phase 2 · Results posted · 2 trials
Breast Neoplasms
Phase 2 · Terminated · 2 trials
Vomiting
Phase 2 · Terminated · 1 trial
Cognition Disorders
Early phase 1 · Completed · 2 trials
Stopped
NCT02147132 · Terminated · Smoking
Difficulty recruiting eligible participants; study medication was expiring.
NCT00046813 · Terminated · Tobacco use disorder
Interim data analysis showed no effect between treatment groups
NCT06088862 · Terminated · Harm Reduction
BIDI product received a market denial letter from the FDA
NCT00751101 · Terminated · Breast Neoplasms
Low Accrual
NCT00553709 · Terminated · Vomiting
Unexpected difficult recruitment. Study drug expired
Trial sponsors
Company8 trialsPhase 41,560 people
Company8 trialsPhase 4970 people
McNeil Consumer Healthcare Division of McNEIL-PPC, Inc.
Company2 trialsPhase 31,455 people
Company1 trialPhase 252 people
Neuraltus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Company1 trialPhase 1/265 people
Pharmaceutical Productions Inc.
Company1 trialPhase 16 people
Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Belgium
Company2 trialsEarly phase 164 people
National Institute on Drug Abuse
9 trialsPhase 4903 people
Funding
National Cancer InstituteUS$6.7mNational Institute on Drug AbuseUS$3.2mNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteUS$234k16 grants since 2019
Assessing the real-world impact of a low nicotine product standard for smoked tobacco in New Zealand
National Institute on Drug AbuseWake Forest University Health SciencesUS$20.2k2023–2028
National Cancer InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin-madisonUS$752.5k2024–2029
National Cancer InstituteYale UniversityUS$154.7k2026–2028
National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteUniversity of Michigan at Ann ArborUS$234k2026–2028
Testing Oral Nicotine Pouches to Reduce Smoking-Related Cancer Disparities in Appalachia
National Cancer InstituteOhio State UniversityUS$1.7m2024–2029
National Cancer InstituteUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterUS$179.4k2026–2028
Augmented Doses of Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Cigarettes and E-cigarettes
National Cancer InstituteMedical University of South CarolinaUS$586k2026–2031
Health and economic impact analysis of a reduced nicotine cigarette policy on vulnerable populations
National Institute on Drug AbuseRutgers Biomedical and Health SciencesUS$169.7k2022–2027
Assessment of a Digitally Controlled Aerosolized Nicotine Replacement Therapy
National Institute on Drug AbusePredictably Human, Inc.US$1.1m2024–2027
National Cancer InstituteUniversity of PennsylvaniaUS$650.1k2024–2028
Latest
47Early-onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in young adults: Lifestyle, environmental, and psychosocial risk factors
Smoking as a persistent global health challenge: perspectives on heated tobacco products
Actívatexto: Advancing smoking cessation and physical activity among Latino adults. Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Financial incentives raise quit rates in underserved adults
Six-month sustained abstinence reached 8.8% with incentives plus free medication, versus 4.3% with usual care and 5.1% with usual care plus free…Six-month sustained abstinence reached 8.8% with incentives plus free medication, versus 4.3% with usual care and 5.1% with usual care plus free medication.