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Soluble CD14

There are 44 papers on soluble CD14 in aging research: 7 trials and 26 observational studies in people, 5 in animals, 6 reviews. The newest story, Nov 10, 2026: “Calorie restriction lowered early virus levels in macaques”.

Biomarker

44 papers study it12 more mention it18 findings

5 new papers in 30 daysSee all 56 papers on soluble CD14

“Baseline tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNFR2), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were significantly higher among PWH than controls (P < .04).”
The Impact of Moderate or High-Intensity Combined Exercise on Systemic Inflammation Among Older Persons With and Without HIVThe Journal of infectious diseases2020doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa494
  • Human trial7
  • Humans26
  • Animals5

Interventions

5

Exercise training

no changein humans1

1 study

  1. Exercise training showed no clear effect on soluble CD14 in humans (obesity, dysglycemia, or related metabolic-risk phenotypes; exercise versus non-exercise) (Hedges g = 0.005 (95% CI −2.014 to 2.025)).

    “For soluble CD14 (sCD14), two comparisons (n = 286) yielded g = 0.005 (95% CI −2.014 to 2.025).”

    Reviewobesity, dysglycemia, or related metabolic-risk phenotypes; exercise versus non-exercisen = 286

    Effects of Exercise Training on Intestinal Barrier-Related Outcomes in Adults with Obesity, Dysglycemia, or Related Metabolic-Risk Phenotypes

    Frontiers in nutrition

More on Exercise training

Caloric restriction

downin rhesus monkeys1

1 study

  1. Caloric restriction decreases soluble CD14 in rhesus monkeys during virologic suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in SIV-infected animals.

    “lowered concentrations of soluble CD14 and several TNF-related molecules in plasma”

    Animalsduring virologic suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in SIV-infected animalsplasma

    Metabolic reprogramming by caloric restriction enhances acute phase virological control and reduces chronic inflammation in SIV-infected rhesus macaques

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biologyPreprint

More on Caloric restriction

Dolutegravir

downin humans1

1 study

  1. Dolutegravir is linked with lower soluble CD14 in humans (duration of dolutegravir-based therapy).

    “Duration of dolutegravir based therapy correlated negatively with sCD14 levels.”

    Humansduration of dolutegravir-based therapyn = 70

    Differential associations of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies and soluble CD14 levels with immunosenescence in people living with HIV on long term antiretroviral therapy

    Immunity & ageing : I & A

More on Dolutegravir

Heat exposure

no changein humans1

1 study

  1. Heat exposure showed no clear effect on soluble CD14 in humans.

    “Neither sCD14LOG and TNF-αLOG were different between groups at baseline nor altered after 9 h heat exposure.”

    Human trialpassive heat exposure at rest40 °C; 9% relative humidity9 h

    Markers of enterocyte damage, microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation following 9 h of heat exposure in young and older adults

    Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme

More on Heat exposure

Exercise

upin humans1

1 study

  1. Exercise increases soluble CD14 in humans among high-intensity exercisers, in people with and without HIV (P ≤ .003).

    “Among high-intensity exercisers, PWH and controls had significant increases in sCD14 (P ≤ .003)”

    Human trialamong high-intensity exercisers, in people with and without HIVhigh-intensity12 weeks

    The Impact of Moderate or High-Intensity Combined Exercise on Systemic Inflammation Among Older Persons With and Without HIV

    The Journal of infectious diseases

More on Exercise

Effects

3

Cognitive function

downin humans1

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is linked with worse cognitive function in humans (-0.06 (95%CI: -0.11, -0.01)).

    “sCD14 was associated with an additional cognitive decline of -0.06 (95%CI:-0.11,-0.01)”

    Humansblood25 yearsn = 1,864

    Blood biomarkers of neuronal injury and glial cell dysfunction and 25‐year cognitive decline and incident dementia in the ARIC study

    AAIC 2025 abstract

Atrial fibrillation

no changein humans1

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 was not clearly linked with atrial fibrillation in humans.

    “sCD14, sCD163, IL-18, and IL-1 receptor antagonist showed no association with AF.”

    Humansmedian follow-up of 11.5 yearsn = 5,726

    Assessment of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Older Adults

    Journal of the American Heart Association

More on Atrial fibrillation

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

no changein humans1HR 0.99

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 was not clearly linked with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in humans among participants with classifiable heart failure subtypes (HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.67-1.49)).

    “This association for sCD14 was observed with HFpEF (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.07-2.10) but not HFrEF (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.67-1.49).”

    Humansamong participants with classifiable heart failure subtypes13.6 yearsn = 419

    Soluble CD14 and Risk of Heart Failure and Its Subtypes in Older Adults

    Journal of cardiac failure

More on Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Upstream

2

HIV infection

downin humans1

1 study

  1. HIV infection is linked with lower soluble CD14 in humans (compared with HIV uninfected controls).

    “PLHIV had higher levels of anti-CMV antibodies, but lower levels of sCD14 levels and HLADR + CD8 T cells than those in controls.”

    Humanscompared with HIV uninfected controlsbloodn = 70

    Differential associations of anti-cytomegalovirus antibodies and soluble CD14 levels with immunosenescence in people living with HIV on long term antiretroviral therapy

    Immunity & ageing : I & A

More on HIV infection

Exceptional longevity

no changein humans1

1 study

  1. Exceptional longevity was not clearly linked with soluble CD14 in humans.

    “No significant differences were found for soluble CD14 between groups.”

    Humanscomparison of disease-free centenarians, young healthy controls and acute myocardial infarction patientsserum

    Serum Zonulin and Endotoxin Levels in Exceptional Longevity versus Precocious Myocardial Infarction

    Aging and disease

Associations

7

Frailty

upin humans2

2 studies

  1. Soluble CD14 is associated with frailty in humans.

    “a relation between increasing sCD14 levels and frailty”

    Humansblood20 yearswomensn = 144

    Inflammatory marker trajectories associated with frailty and ageing in a 20-year longitudinal study

    Clinical & translational immunology

  2. Frailty is associated with soluble CD14 in humans (HIV-1 infection).

    “Higher plasma levels of sCD14 and MDA were found in HIV-1 infected frail individuals.”

    HumansHIV-1 infectionplasma

    Frailty, markers of immune activation and oxidative stress in HIV infected elderly

    PloS one

Dementia

upin humans1HR 1.38

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is linked with a higher risk of dementia in humans (HR 1.38 (95%CI: 1.08, 1.76)).

    “sCD14 was associated with an additional cognitive decline of -0.06 (95%CI:-0.11,-0.01) and 38% higher dementia hazard (HR:1.38 (95%CI:1.08,1.76))”

    Humansblood25 yearsn = 1,864

    Blood biomarkers of neuronal injury and glial cell dysfunction and 25‐year cognitive decline and incident dementia in the ARIC study

    AAIC 2025 abstract

More on Dementia

Incident clinical peripheral artery disease

upin humans1

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is associated with incident clinical peripheral artery disease in humans (adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors).

    “Five biomarkers, sCD14, hsCRP, WBC, sTNFR1, and sIL2Rα, were associated with incident PAD.”

    Humansadjusted for demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factorsmedian follow-up 13.9 yearsn = 5,061

    Relations Of Inflammatory Biomarkers With Incident Clinical Peripheral Artery Disease In Older Adults

    AHA Scientific Sessions 2025 abstract

More on Incident clinical peripheral artery disease

HIV infection

upin humans1

1 study

  1. HIV infection is associated with soluble CD14 in humans (at baseline, before exercise) (P < .04).

    “Baseline tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), soluble TNF receptor 2 (sTNFR2), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were significantly higher among PWH than controls (P < .04).”

    Human trialat baseline, before exercise

    The Impact of Moderate or High-Intensity Combined Exercise on Systemic Inflammation Among Older Persons With and Without HIV

    The Journal of infectious diseases

More on HIV infection

Soluble TLR2

downin humans1

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is associated with soluble TLR2 in humans (youngest age group) (moderate negative correlation).

    “the salivary sCD14 and the sTLR2 exhibited a moderate negative correlation in the youngest”

    Humansyoungest age groupwhole saliva

    Changes in salivary microbial sensing proteins CD14 and TLR2 with aging

    Clinical oral investigations

More on Soluble TLR2

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

upin humans1HR 1.5

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is linked with a higher risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in humans among participants with classifiable heart failure subtypes (HR 1.50 (95% CI 1.07-2.10)).

    “This association for sCD14 was observed with HFpEF (HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.07-2.10)”

    Humansamong participants with classifiable heart failure subtypes13.6 yearsn = 609

    Soluble CD14 and Risk of Heart Failure and Its Subtypes in Older Adults

    Journal of cardiac failure

More on Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure

upin humans1HR 1.56

1 study

  1. Soluble CD14 is linked with a higher risk of heart failure in humans after adjustment for clinical and laboratory covariates (HR 1.56 per doubling (95% CI 1.29-1.89)).

    “sCD14 was significantly associated with incident HF (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.56 per doubling, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-1.89)”

    Humansafter adjustment for clinical and laboratory covariatesper doubling13.6 yearsn = 5,217

    Soluble CD14 and Risk of Heart Failure and Its Subtypes in Older Adults

    Journal of cardiac failure

More on Heart failure

Latest

Dec 2025: 1Jan 2026: 1Feb 2026: 0Mar 2026: 1Apr 2026: 3May 2026: 1Jun 2026: 1Jul 2026: 2Aug 2026: 0Sep 2026: 0Oct 2026: 3Nov 2026: 215 papers in 12 months
Cell Reports

Calorie restriction lowered early virus levels in macaques

An experiment using four months of 30% calorie restriction found less gut immune activation in rhesus macaques after infection and antiviral drug therapy.An experiment using four months of 30% calorie restriction found less gut immune activation in rhesus macaques after infection and antiviral drug therapy.

Animal studyDietary restriction
Paper

See all 56 papers on soluble CD14

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