Restraint stress

1. Restraint stress decreases mitochondrial translation in mice.

   “show downregulation of mitochondrial expression and translation pathways”

   Animalsrestraint stress (2 h/day for 14 days)14 daysmales

   Stressors-induced cognitive dysfunction during aging: mechanisms and future challenges

   Frontiers in aging neuroscience·22 Oct 2025

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1. Restraint stress increases CDKN1A in mice.

   “Exposure to restraint stress, a psychological non-social stress model, increased p21Cip1 exclusively in the brains of male, but not female mice, and in a p16Ink4a-independent manner.”

   Animalsin male micebrainmales

   Chronic social stress induces p16-mediated senescent cell accumulation in mice

   Nature aging·11 Nov 2024

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1. Restraint stress increases corticosterone in rats (3.7 times as much vs 1.7 times as much).

   “However, this stress-induced increase was larger (3.7 times as much) in the BN strain than in the WKY strain (in which the increase was 1.7 times as much).”

   Animalsafter 2 h of restraint stressplasmamales

   Effects of genotype on age-related alterations in the concentrations of stress hormones in plasma and hypothalamic monoamines in rats

   Journal of reproduction and fertility. Supplement·1 Jan 1993

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1. Restraint stress increases synaptosomal glutamate uptake in rats.

   “Following 2 hr of mild restrain stress increases in both uptake systems were observed in all regions examined (hippocampus, septum and frontal cortex).”

   Animalshippocampus, septum and frontal cortex2 hr

   Aging and stress-induced changes in choline and glutamate uptake in hippocampus and septum of two rat strains differing in longevity and reactivity to stressors

   International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience·1 Jan 1990

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1. Restraint stress increases synaptosomal choline uptake in rats.

   “Following 2 hr of mild restrain stress increases in both uptake systems were observed in all regions examined (hippocampus, septum and frontal cortex).”

   Animalshippocampus, septum and frontal cortex2 hr

   Aging and stress-induced changes in choline and glutamate uptake in hippocampus and septum of two rat strains differing in longevity and reactivity to stressors

   International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience·1 Jan 1990

More on Synaptosomal choline uptake