Influenza

1. Influenza is linked with higher mortality in humans (25.06 (95% eCI 19.85-30.16) per 100,000 persons).

   “The average annual influenza-associated excess mortality rate (EMR) was 25.06 (95% empirical CI [eCI] 19.85-30.16) per 100,000 persons”

   Humans2015 to 2018n = 199,777

   Influenza-Associated Excess Mortality by Age, Sex, and Subtype/Lineage: Population-Based Time-Series Study With a Distributed-Lag Nonlinear Model

   JMIR public health and surveillance·Jan 11, 2023

2. Influenza is linked with higher mortality in humans (influenza-associated).

   “Excess mortality rates for CVDs associated with influenza increased with age in older adults.”

   Humansinfluenza-associated

   Age-dependent and sex-dependent differences in mortality from influenza-associated cardiovascular diseases among older adults in Shanghai, China: a population-based study

   BMJ open·Sep 19, 2022

1. Influenza is linked with lower time from infection to dementia diagnosis in humans (compared to all other infections) (median: 3.4 years (95% CI: 3.1-3.7) vs. 6.6 years (95% CI: 6.4-6.8); p < 0.001).

   “Time from infection to dementia diagnosis was shorter after influenza compared to all other infections (median: 3.4 years (95% CI: 3.1-3.7) vs. 6.6 years (95% CI: 6.4-6.8); p < 0.001).”

   Humanscompared to all other infections

   Heightened Prevalence of Common Hospital-Treated Infections Preceding Dementia Diagnosis with Accelerated Dementia Onset after Influenza

   The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·Jan 1, 2024

1. Influenza is linked with a higher risk of dementia in humans (OR 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06-1.49)).

   “Influenza, urinary tract infections, intestinal infections, and sepsis showed independent positive associations with subsequent dementia diagnosis, irrespective of other comorbidities”

   Humansn = 58,208

   Heightened Prevalence of Common Hospital-Treated Infections Preceding Dementia Diagnosis with Accelerated Dementia Onset after Influenza

   The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·Jan 1, 2024

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1. Influenza is associated with Parkinson's disease in humans (diagnosed at any time during a calendar year, >10 years prior) (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.11-2.71).

   “Influenza diagnosed at any time during a calendar year was associated with Parkinson disease more than 10 years later (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.11-2.71).”

   Humansdiagnosed at any time during a calendar year, >10 years prior>10 years

   Long-term Risk of Parkinson Disease Following Influenza and Other Infections

   JAMA neurology·Oct 26, 2021

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