Female sex

1. Female sex is linked with higher glial fibrillary acidic protein in humans (female compared with male participants) (median 6.17 pg/mL higher in female than male participants).

   “Median GFAP concentrations were 6.17 (6.17-6.17) pg/mL higher in female compared with male participants.”

   Humansfemale compared with male participantsfemales

   Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Neurofilament Light Reference Intervals in Healthy Individuals

   JAMA network open·May 1, 2026

More on Glial fibrillary acidic protein

1. Female sex is linked with higher moderate to vigorous physical activity in humans (women compared with men, accelerometer-measured over 7 days) (+37%, p =.008).

   “significantly higher time spent in MVPA (+37%, p =.008)”

   Humanswomen compared with men, accelerometer-measured over 7 days

   SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF OLDER INDIVIDUALS LIVING IN THE SARDINIAN BLUE ZONE

   GSA 2024 abstract·Dec 31, 2024

1. Female sex is linked with higher joint diagnosis of obesity, diabetes and hypertension in humans (2.30 (95% CI 2.10-2.53) for joint diagnosis of all 3 conditions).

   “The likelihood of other combinations ranged from 1.04 (95% CI: 0.98-1.10) for only hypertension to 2.30 (95% CI: 2.10-2.53) for the joint diagnosis of all 3 conditions.”

   Humansfemalesn = 375,802

   Effect Modification by Age and Gender in the Correlation Between Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Obesity

   Journal of primary care & community health·Jan 1, 2023

1. Female sex is linked with higher obesity in humans (58.1% vs 41.2%).

   “Females had a relatively higher proportion of obesity (58.1% vs 41.2%)”

   Humansfemalesn = 375,802

   Effect Modification by Age and Gender in the Correlation Between Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Obesity

   Journal of primary care & community health·Jan 1, 2023

More on Obesity

1. Female sex is linked with higher serum BACE1 activity in humans (sex β=0.180, p<0.0001 in the overall model).

   “with women being more susceptible to higher sBACE1 activity than men”

   Humansfemales

   Age, Sex, Hypertension and HDL-C Alter Serum BACE1 Activity in Cognitively Normal Subjects: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease

   The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·Jan 1, 2022

More on Serum BACE1 activity

1. Female sex increases generalization of conditioned taste aversion in rats (generalization inferred from BX consumption).

   “The results showed an attenuation of latent inhibition as well a stronger generalization of conditioned taste aversion in females”

   Animalsgeneralization inferred from BX consumptionfemales

   Age, sex and pre-exposure effects on acquisition and generalization of conditioned taste aversion in rats

   Behavioural brain research·Jul 23, 2020

1. Female sex decreases latent inhibition in rats (female versus male rats).

   “The results showed an attenuation of latent inhibition as well a stronger generalization of conditioned taste aversion in females”

   Animalsfemale versus male ratsfemales

   Age, sex and pre-exposure effects on acquisition and generalization of conditioned taste aversion in rats

   Behavioural brain research·Jul 23, 2020

1. Female sex is linked with higher tau deposition in temporo-parietal and anterior frontal components in humans (women compared with men).

   “and in temporo-parietal and anterior frontal components in women compared with men.”

   Humanswomen compared with menfemales

   Spatial patterns of tau deposition are associated with amyloid, ApoE, sex, and cognitive decline in older adults

   European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging·Jan 8, 2020

More on Tau deposition in temporo-parietal and anterior frontal components

1. Female sex is linked with worse handgrip strength in humans (impairment narrowed with increasing age).

   “The sex difference in handgrip strength diminished with increasing age”

   Humansimpairment narrowed with increasing agefemales

   Sex differences in physical performance by age, educational level, ethnic groups and birth cohort: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

   PloS one·Dec 18, 2019

1. Female sex is linked with worse physical function in humans (gait speed, chair stand speed, handgrip strength and balance, age- and height-adjusted) (gait speed -0.03 m/s; chair stand -0.05 stand/s; handgrip -14.8 kg; balance OR 0.71).

   “There is a consistent "female disadvantage" in physical performance among older adults”

   Humansgait speed, chair stand speed, handgrip strength and balance, age- and height-adjustedfemales

   Sex differences in physical performance by age, educational level, ethnic groups and birth cohort: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam

   PloS one·Dec 18, 2019

1. Female sex is associated with earlier white matter hyperintensities abnormality in humans.

   “Female participants showed earlier WMH, fractional anisotropy of the genu of the corpus callosum, and Arteriolosclerosis-score abnormalities”

   Humansfemales

   Diffusion MRI Identifies a Prolonged Pre-WMH Phase in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease

   Stroke·Jul 22, 2026

More on Earlier white matter hyperintensities abnormality

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate in older adults with new-onset hypertension, outcome eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (sHR 1.15 (95% CI 1.13-1.18)).

   “Females had a higher crude incidence of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 than males (66.6 vs 59.4; P < .001), and a higher adjusted risk [sHR 1.15 (95% CI 1.13-1.18)].”

   Humansin older adults with new-onset hypertension, outcome eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2kidneymedian follow-up 6.8 yearsfemalesn = 121,490

   Older females with late-onset hypertension are at higher CKD risk than males

   Clinical kidney journal·Feb 28, 2026

More on Estimated glomerular filtration rate

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of chronic kidney disease in humans (sHR 1.10 (95% CI 1.07-1.14)).

   “Females had a higher adjusted risk of the primary outcome, after accounting for death {sHR 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.14]}.”

   Humansin older adults with new-onset hypertension, primary composite outcome (40% decline in eGFR or kidney failure)kidneymedian follow-up 6.8 yearsfemalesn = 121,490

   Older females with late-onset hypertension are at higher CKD risk than males

   Clinical kidney journal·Feb 28, 2026

More on Chronic kidney disease

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of osteoporosis in humans (multivariate Cox regression) (HR 4.41 (3.57–5.44)).

   “Older age and female sex were associated with a greater risk of osteoporosis, with hazard ratios (HR) of 1.07 (1.06–1.08) and 4.41 (3.57–5.44), respectively.”

   Humansmultivariate Cox regressionfemalesn = 25,635

   Incidence and risk factors for osteoporosis in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Thailand

   BMC endocrine disorders·Jan 23, 2026

More on Osteoporosis

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of dementia in humans (OR 1.34 [1.11‐1.60]).

   “female sex (odds ratio: 1.34 [1.11‐1.60])”

   Humans

   Prevalence, subtypes, and associated factors of dementia in Taiwan: a nationwide survey of 11,298 community‐dwelling adults aged 65 years or older

   AAIC 2025 abstract·Dec 23, 2025

More on Dementia

1. Female sex is linked with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in humans (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.56-0.62).

   “Females' participants consistently had a significantly higher likelihood of diagnosis compared with males except for diabetes (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.56-0.62)”

   Humansfemalesn = 375,802

   Effect Modification by Age and Gender in the Correlation Between Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, and Obesity

   Journal of primary care & community health·Jan 1, 2023

More on Type 2 diabetes

1. Female sex predicts adverse events in humans (OR 2.67 [95% CI 1.17-6.11]).

   “Female sex (odds ratio: 2.67 [95% confidence interval: 1.17-6.11])”

   Humans

   Several frailty parameters highly prevalent in middle age (50-65) are independent predictors of adverse events

   Scientific reports·Apr 22, 2021

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of sarcopenia in humans (OR 2.539 (95% CI 1.475-4.371)).

   “with women more likely to develop sarcopenia relative to men (OR = 2.539, 95% CI = 1.475-4.371; P < 0.05)”

   Humansfemales

   Risk Factors for Sarcopenia in the Elderly with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of Metformin

   Journal of diabetes research·Oct 7, 2020

More on Sarcopenia

1. Female sex is linked with a higher risk of poor muscle quality in humans (adjusted analyses) (OR 18.09 (95% CI 4.07-80.38)).

   “Being a woman (odds ratio [OR]: 18.09, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 4.07-80.38)”

   Humansadjusted analysesfemalesn = 203

   Obesity-associated poor muscle quality: prevalence and association with age, sex, and body mass index

   BMC musculoskeletal disorders·Mar 31, 2020

1. Female sex is associated with frailty in humans (multiple logistic regression) (OR 1.98 (95%CI 1.37-2.86)).

   “the following factors were associated with frailty: female sex (OR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.37-2.86)”

   Humansmultiple logistic regressionn = 855

   Prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling elderly persons in Spain and factors associated with it

   The European journal of general practice·Oct 2, 2019