Clomiphene citrate

1. Clomiphene citrate increases oviductal abnormalities in mice.

   “exposure caused several oviductal abnormalities, including epithelial disorganization, loss of ciliation, dysplasia, and hyperplasia.”

   Animalssingle-dose and multiple-dose intraperitoneal exposureoviduct25, 50, and 100 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg for 4 daysfemales

   Clomiphene citrate induces changes in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells: An in vitro study

   Toxicology and applied pharmacology·8 Apr 2026

1. Clomiphene citrate induces apoptosis in human cells.

   “CC exposure reduced hPFTSEC viability, clonogenicity, proliferation and organoid forming efficiency while inducing apoptosis, DNA damage, and senescence in a dose-dependent manner.”

   Cellsin vitrofallopian tube secretory epithelial cells

   Clomiphene citrate induces changes in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells: An in vitro study

   Toxicology and applied pharmacology·8 Apr 2026

More on Apoptosis

1. Clomiphene citrate induces DNA damage response in human cells.

   “CC exposure reduced hPFTSEC viability, clonogenicity, proliferation and organoid forming efficiency while inducing apoptosis, DNA damage, and senescence in a dose-dependent manner.”

   Cellsin vitrofallopian tube secretory epithelial cells

   Clomiphene citrate induces changes in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells: An in vitro study

   Toxicology and applied pharmacology·8 Apr 2026

More on DNA damage response

1. Clomiphene citrate induces cellular senescence in human cells.

   “CC exposure reduced hPFTSEC viability, clonogenicity, proliferation and organoid forming efficiency while inducing apoptosis, DNA damage, and senescence in a dose-dependent manner.”

   Cellsin vitrofallopian tube secretory epithelial cells

   Clomiphene citrate induces changes in human fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells: An in vitro study

   Toxicology and applied pharmacology·8 Apr 2026

More on Cellular senescence

1. Clomiphene citrate is associated with breast cancer in humans.

   “Signals of increased risk were reported in selected subgroups, including women undergoing multiple stimulation cycles, women starting treatment at younger or older ages, and some women with prolonged clomiphene citrate (CC) exposure.”

   Reviewselected subgroups of women with infertilityprolonged exposurefemales

   The Impact of Assisted Reproduction Technology on Breast Cancer Risk for Women With Infertility: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

   Cureus·14 Sep 2026

More on Breast cancer