(+)-epicatechin

1. (+)-epicatechin increases ATP in rats.

   “SkM citrate synthase activity and ATP content increased with +Epi.”

   Animalsoralskeletal muscle1 mg/kg/day8-weekmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Journal of medicinal food·4 Feb 2026

2. (+)-epicatechin increases ATP in rats.

   “Mitochondrial bioenergetics also improved with treatment as determined by increased citrate synthase activity and ATP content.”

   Animalsoral gavagehippocampus and frontal cortex1 mg/kg/day8 weeksmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Short- and Long-Term Memory in Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Nutrients·19 Nov 2025

More on ATP

1. (+)-epicatechin decreases oxidative stress and ROS signalling in rats.

   “OS markers in proteins and lipids were reduced, while buffering systems (superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase protein and activities) increased.”

   Animalsoralskeletal muscle1 mg/kg/day8-weekmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Journal of medicinal food·4 Feb 2026

More on Oxidative stress and ROS signalling

1. (+)-epicatechin increases mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) in rats.

   “Results demonstrate that +Epi treatment yields positive effects on mitochondrial biogenesis and function, leading to decreased OS and improved SkM bioenergetics in aged rats.”

   Animalsoralskeletal muscle1 mg/kg/day8-weekmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Journal of medicinal food·4 Feb 2026

More on Mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α)

1. (+)-epicatechin activates SIRTUIN1 in rats.

   “+Epi increased the NAD/NADH ratio, activation of sirtuin 1, the deacetylation of nuclear protein content, including that of PGC1α.”

   Animalsoralskeletal muscle1 mg/kg/day8-weekmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Journal of medicinal food·4 Feb 2026

More on SIRTUIN1

1. (+)-epicatechin decreases inflammation in rats.

   “+Epi improves mitochondrial function, reduces OS and inflammation in the hippocampus and cortex”

   Animalsoral gavagehippocampus and cortex1 mg/kg/day8 weeksmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Short- and Long-Term Memory in Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Nutrients·19 Nov 2025

More on Inflammation

1. (+)-epicatechin decreases malondialdehyde in rats.

   “+Epi suppressed protein carbonyls and MDA levels.”

   Animalsoral gavagehippocampus and frontal cortex1 mg/kg/day8 weeksmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Short- and Long-Term Memory in Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Nutrients·19 Nov 2025

More on Malondialdehyde

1. (+)-epicatechin improves long-term memory in rats.

   “There was a significant improvement in both short- and long-term memory in the +Epi treated group vs. controls.”

   Animalsoral gavage1 mg/kg/day8 weeksmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Short- and Long-Term Memory in Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Nutrients·19 Nov 2025

1. (+)-epicatechin improves short-term memory in rats.

   “There was a significant improvement in both short- and long-term memory in the +Epi treated group vs. controls.”

   Animalsoral gavage1 mg/kg/day8 weeksmales

   Stimulatory Effects of (+)-Epicatechin on Short- and Long-Term Memory in Aged Rats: Underlying Mechanisms

   Nutrients·19 Nov 2025