Cocoa extract

1. Cocoa extract has no effect on oligomeric amyloid-beta in humans (-5.9%; 95% CI: -21.4% to 12.6%; p = 0.51).

   Human trial2 years

   Effect of a multivitamin and cocoa flavanol extract on changes in neurofilament light, N-terminal tau fragment, and oligomeric amyloid-β levels in COSMOS-clinic · Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 23 Sep 2026

Oligomeric amyloid-beta →

1. Cocoa extract has no effect on NfL in humans (0.5%; 95% CI: -4.4% to 5.6%; p = 0.85).

   Human trial2 years

   Effect of a multivitamin and cocoa flavanol extract on changes in neurofilament light, N-terminal tau fragment, and oligomeric amyloid-β levels in COSMOS-clinic · Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 23 Sep 2026

NfL →

1. Cocoa extract has no effect on N-terminal tau fragment in humans (-0.7%; 95% CI: -7.1% to 6.1%; p = 0.83).

   Human trial2 years

   Effect of a multivitamin and cocoa flavanol extract on changes in neurofilament light, N-terminal tau fragment, and oligomeric amyloid-β levels in COSMOS-clinic · Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 23 Sep 2026

N-terminal tau fragment →

1. Cocoa extract has no effect on Mini-Mental State Examination in humans.

   Reviewchronic intake

   Effect of Chronic Dark Chocolate or Cocoa Intake on Cognitive Function: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials · Nutrition reviews · 25 Aug 2026

Mini-Mental State Examination →

1. Cocoa extract improves verbal fluency test in humans (WMD, 3.15; 95% CI, 0.71-5.6).

   Reviewchronic intake

   Effect of Chronic Dark Chocolate or Cocoa Intake on Cognitive Function: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials · Nutrition reviews · 25 Aug 2026

Verbal fluency test →

1. Cocoa extract improves Trail Making Test Part B in humans (WMD, -13.1; 95% CI, -17.73 to -8.47).

   Reviewchronic intake

   Effect of Chronic Dark Chocolate or Cocoa Intake on Cognitive Function: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials · Nutrition reviews · 25 Aug 2026

Trail Making Test Part B →

1. Cocoa extract improves Trail Making Test Part A in humans (WMD, -4.51; 95% CI, -8.41 to -0.60).

   Reviewchronic intake

   Effect of Chronic Dark Chocolate or Cocoa Intake on Cognitive Function: A Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials · Nutrition reviews · 25 Aug 2026

Trail Making Test Part A →