Smoking + alcohol has been studied in 4 papers since 2026: 3 observational studies in people, 1 review; 4 in the past year. The newest story, Oct 4, 2026: “Low education linked to tripled premature mortality in India”.
4 papers study it3 findingsUpdated
See all 4 papers on smoking + alcohol
The findings reach people, from one lab or study. 3 independent labs in 3 countries.
“and together almost doubled male mortality (both versus neither, RR of 1.89, 95% CI 1.84-1.94)”
None of its findings points the other way.
Studies of smoking + alcohol measured one outcome, total PSA.
Total PSA
upin humans1
Smoking + alcohol is linked with higher total PSA in humans.
“In the group that both smoked and consumed alcohol, tPSA, free PSA levels were significantly elevated.”
Humansserummalesn = 160
International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review
Studies link smoking + alcohol with 2 measures: mortality and Parkinson's disease risk.
Mortality
upin humans1RR 1.89
Smoking + alcohol is linked with a higher risk of mortality in humans (adjusted for education) (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.84-1.94).
“and together almost doubled male mortality (both versus neither, RR of 1.89, 95% CI 1.84-1.94)”
Humansadjusted for educationmales
Low education linked to tripled premature mortality in India
Nature health
Parkinson's disease risk
downin humans1
Smoking + alcohol is associated with Parkinson's disease risk in humans (Combined alcohol and smoking exposure) (Reported LRR = -0.37).
“Combined alcohol and smoking exposure produced the greatest PD risk reduction (LRR = -0.37)”
ReviewCombined alcohol and smoking exposure
Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society
Among non-smoking non-drinkers, adults with no schooling had a mortality rate ratio of 2.76 in men and 2.93 in women compared to higher education.Among non-smoking non-drinkers, adults with no schooling had a mortality rate ratio of 2.76 in men and 2.93 in women compared to higher education.