Active smoking
Intervention1 paper1 finding
- Humans1
Associations
1Pulmonary mortality
upin humans1HR 2.13Low certainty
1 study
Pulmonary mortality
upin humans1HR 2.13Low certainty
Active smoking raises the risk of pulmonary mortality in humans (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.37-3.30).
Humansin patients with obstructive sleep apneamedian 8.6 yearsn = 4,368
Risk factors for pulmonary mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a competing risk analysis integrating Cox regression, random survival forests, and unsupervised clustering · Polish archives of internal medicine · 2 Oct 2026