Acute rejection

1. Desensitized living donor kidney transplantation was not clearly linked with acute rejection in humans (ESKD; compared with deceased donor kidney transplantation; biopsy-proven rejection) (22.9% vs. 29.6%).

   “with similar rates of biopsy-proven acute rejection (22.9% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.28).”

   HumansESKD; compared with deceased donor kidney transplantation; biopsy-proven rejectionABO-incompatible or HLA-incompatiblekidney

   Incompatible living-donor kidney transplants tied to longer survival

   International journal of surgery (London, England)·Sep 9, 2026

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1. Tirzepatide showed no clear effect on acute rejection in humans (solid organ transplant recipients).

   “Adverse events were predominantly gastrointestinal and manageable, with no signals of acute rejection or graft dysfunction.”

   Reviewsolid organ transplant recipientsn = 182

   Tirzepatide in solid organ transplant recipients: Early real-world signals of efficacy and safety-A narrative review

   Transplantation reviews (Orlando, Fla.)·Feb 16, 2026

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1. Protein and caloric restriction decreases acute rejection in recipients of PCR-treated donors.

   “lower incidence of slow graft function and acute rejection”

   Human trialin recipients of PCR-treated donorskidney30% calorie and 80% protein reductionfive days preoperatively

   Protein and calorie restriction may improve outcomes in living kidney donors and kidney transplant recipients

   Aging·Jul 11, 2020

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1. Thymoglobulin was not clearly linked with acute rejection in humans (compared with Grafalon).

   “Grafalon and Thymoglobulin seem to be equivalent to prevent acute rejection.”

   Humanscompared with Grafalonn = 182

   Immune reconstitution with two different rabbit polyclonal anti-thymocytes globulins

   Transplant immunology·Sep 20, 2017

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1. Everolimus prevents acute rejection in humans (combined with reduced-exposure cyclosporine).

   “Everolimus plus reduced-dose CsA can provide safe, adequate immunosuppression resulting in prevention of acute rejection in young recipients.”

   Human trialcombined with reduced-exposure cyclosporinekidney0.75-1.5 mg bid31-33 months follow-upfemalesn = 2

   Clinical experience with everolimus (Certican) in young renal transplant recipients

   Transplantation·May 15, 2005

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1. Acute rejection is associated with IFNG in mice (allogeneic kidney transplant).

   “IFNG was high expressed in kidney tissues of AR in allogeneic kidney transplant mice”

   Animalsallogeneic kidney transplantkidney

   Identification of cellular senescence-related gene IFNG as a potential biomarker in acute rejection after kidney transplantation via weighted gene co-expression network analysis and multiple machine learning

   medRxiv·Jun 20, 2025Preprint

2. Acute rejection is associated with IFNG in silico after kidney transplantation.

   “IFNG was highly expressed in AR samples”

   In silicoafter kidney transplantationkidney

   Identification of cellular senescence-related gene IFNG as a potential biomarker in acute rejection after kidney transplantation via weighted gene co-expression network analysis and multiple machine learning

   medRxiv·Jun 20, 2025Preprint

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1. Elderly donor liver transplantation is associated with acute rejection in humans (Adjusted analysis following deceased-donor liver transplantation) (Adjusted OR 5.314, 95% CI 1.720–16.420; incidence 29.4% versus 10.9%).

   “Elderly donor grafts were not associated with inferior long-term recipient survival but were associated with higher risks of PNF, AR, and SASS.”

   HumansAdjusted analysis following deceased-donor liver transplantationlivern = 950

   Impact of Elderly Donors on Patient Survival and Postoperative Complications in Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Study

   Transplantation direct·Oct 21, 2026

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1. Cellular senescence lowers the risk of acute rejection in older transplant recipients.

   “T-cell immunosenescence has been the main driver of less frequent acute rejections in older transplant recipients.”

   Reviewin older transplant recipients

   The Impact of T-cell Aging on Alloimmunity and Inflammaging

   Transplantation·Jun 30, 2023

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1. Acute rejection is linked with a higher risk of frailty in humans (kidney transplant recipients) (OR 16.776, 95% CI 2.288-123.028).

   “history of acute rejection (OR=16.776, 95%CI: 2.288-123.028)”

   Humanskidney transplant recipients

   Prevalence of frailty and associated factors among kidney transplant recipients

   Zhonghua yi xue za zhi·May 29, 2023

1. immune senescence raises the risk of acute rejection in humans after renal transplantation.

   “The degree of immune senescence also influences patients' outcome after renal transplantation, particularly the risk of acute rejection and infections.”

   Reviewafter renal transplantation

   Premature immune senescence and chronic kidney disease: Update and perspectives

   Nephrologie & therapeutique·Dec 14, 2019

1. Peritoneal dialysis is linked with a higher risk of acute rejection in humans (before kidney transplantation) (HR 1.61 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.56)).

   “Patients on PD before transplantation had a higher risk of acute rejection after kidney transplantation (HR, 1.61; 95%CI, 1.02 to 2.56; p = 0.041).”

   Humansbefore kidney transplantation

   ESRD-associated immune phenotype depends on dialysis modality and iron status: clinical implications

   Immunity & ageing : I & A·Jul 17, 2018

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1. Donation after circulatory death kidney is linked with a higher risk of acute rejection in humans (elderly recipients and elderly donors, compared with young DBD kidneys) (OR 2.78 (95% CI 1.35 to 5.73)).

   “elderly recipients of elderly DCD kidneys experienced more delayed graft function and acute rejection than did elderly recipients of young DBD kidneys”

   Humanselderly recipients and elderly donors, compared with young DBD kidneyskidney

   Stretching the Limits of Renal Transplantation in Elderly Recipients of Grafts from Elderly Deceased Donors

   Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN·Oct 11, 2016

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1. Everolimus raises the risk of acute rejection in humans after randomisation, versus ciclosporin (15 (10%) of 154 vs 5 (3%) of 146; p = 0.036).

   “Rates of biopsy-proven acute rejection were higher in the everolimus group than in the ciclosporin group after randomisation”

   Human trialafter randomisation, versus ciclosporinkidney

   Everolimus-based, calcineurin-inhibitor-free regimen in recipients of de-novo kidney transplants: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial

   Lancet (London, England)·Feb 19, 2011

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