Rationalization of medical information on the process of inflammaging in ocular pathology

Age-associated diseases of the eye, including age-related macular degeneration (ВМД), glaucoma, and cataract, pose a serious medical and social problem. One of the key pathogenetic mechanisms of their development is inflammaging—chronic low-grade inflammation accompanying the aging of the body. Despite growing interest in this problem, data on quantitative changes in the cytokine profile in patients with ocular pathologies in real-world clinical settings remain insufficient. The aim of the study was to assess the levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with age-related eye diseases and to develop a rationalized model for interpreting medical information based on the data obtained. The study included 321 patients aged 60 to 85 years. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood serum and tear fluid were determined using a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ИФА). Patients with ВМД showed significant increases in serum IL-6 (by 42.6 %) and TNF-α (by 38.7 %) compared with the control (p < 0.001). In glaucoma, the most pronounced changes were recorded in tear fluid: IL-1β was increased 2.3-fold and IL-8 1.9-fold (p < 0.001), indicating local activation of innate immunity. In cataract, a moderate but statistically significant increase in both proinflammatory (IL-6, CRP) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) markers was observed, which may reflect a compensatory response to oxidative stress in the lens. Based on the data obtained, a prognostic model was developed that includes three threshold values: IL-6 > 7.5 pg/ml, TNF-α > 4.0 pg/ml, and CRP > 5.0 mg/l. Exceeding two or more criteria is associated with a high risk of disease progression within 12 months Age-related diseases of the visual organ, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and cataracts, pose a serious medical and social problem. One of the key pathogenetic mechanisms of their development is inflamaging, a chronic low—intensity inflammation that accompanies the aging of the body. Despite the growing interest in this problem, there is still insufficient data on quantitative changes in the cytokine profile in patients with ophthalmopathology in real clinical conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the levels of pro—inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with age-related eye diseases and to develop a rationalized model for interpreting medical information based on the data obtained. The study involved 321 patients aged 60 to 85 years. Concentrations of IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood serum and lacrimal fluid were determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). In patients with AMD, there was a significant increase in IL-6 (by 42.6%) and TNF-α (by 38.7%) in blood serum compared with the control (p < 0.001). In glaucoma, the most pronounced changes were recorded in the lacrimal fluid: IL-1b increased 2.3-fold, IL—8 - 1.9-fold (p < 0.001), indicating local activation of innate immunity. In cataracts, there was a moderate but statistically significant increase in both pro-inflammatory (IL-6, CRP) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) markers, which may reflect a compensatory response to oxidative stress in the lens. Based on the data obtained, a prognostic model was developed that includes three thresholds: IL-6 > 7.5 pg/ml, TNF-α > 4.0 pg/ml, and CRP > 5.0 mg/l. Exceeding two or more criteria is associated with a high risk of disease progression within 12 months