4-octyl itaconate

1. 4-octyl itaconate activates NRF2–KEAP1 antioxidant response in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026

NRF2–KEAP1 antioxidant response →

1. 4-octyl itaconate increases mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026

Mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α) →

1. 4-octyl itaconate decreases oxidative stress and ROS signalling in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026

Oxidative stress and ROS signalling →

1. 4-octyl itaconate decreases fibrosis in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026

1. 4-octyl itaconate activates AMPK signalling in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026

AMPK signalling →

1. 4-octyl itaconate increases salivary flow rate in mice.

   Animalsparotid gland25 mg/kg4 weeksmales

   4-Octyl itaconate restores parotid gland function in aging mice · FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 30 Sep 2026