Systemic and mucosal inflammatory biomarkers

1. Empagliflozin decreases systemic and mucosal inflammatory biomarkers in humans.

   “empagliflozin treatment significantly reduced serum TNF-α, CRP, and fecal calprotectin levels compared to placebo (P < 0.01).”

   Human trialMild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis; serum TNF-α and CRP and fecal calprotectin, versus placebo25 mg once daily6 monthsn = 60

   Efficacy of Empagliflozin in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study

   Research Square·14 Oct 2026Preprint

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