Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

1. Warm water immersion decreases neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in humans (−24% (95% CI −40 to −4%; P = 0.023)).

   “whereas neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein decreased by 24% [-40, -4; P = 0.023] and 22% [-37, -3; P = 0.026], respectively.”

   Human trialresting concentrations in habitually active older malesblood∼40°C; rectal temperature maintained at ∼38.5°C for the final 60 min7 consecutive daysmalesn = 12

   Seven days of warm water immersion modulate baseline fluid-regulatory hormones without altering acute multisystem physiological stress responses in older males

   American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology·30 Jul 2026

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1. Water deprivation decreases neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in humans.

   “Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin excretion decreased with hypohydration (P = 0.04), independent of age (P = 0.62).”

   Human trialstepwise water restriction concluding with 16 h water deprivation3 daysfemales

   Acute kidney injury biomarker responses in young and older female adults following mild hypohydration

   American journal of physiology. Renal physiology·27 Feb 2026

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