Clinical and Pathophysiological Significance of Trace Elements in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Oral Cancer: A 20-Year Narrative Review for Evidence-Based Public Health Intervention

Our body is made up of many elements and compounds that work together to keep us healthy. Among them are trace elements, which are needed only in tiny amounts but play a very large role in protecting our cells from damage. When these trace elements are too low or too high, they can disturb the body's balance and may increase the risk of diseases such as oral cancer. In this study, we investigated how different trace elements are linked to early signs of oral cancer and precancerous conditions over the past 20 years. We reviewed studies available in the PubMed database that used elemental analysis to detect changes in oral tissues before cancer fully develops. Understanding how these trace elements affect oral health can help us shape better prevention policies. If we know which elements people in certain areas lack or have in excess, health authorities can design nutrition-based programs, awareness campaigns, and screening strategies to prevent oral cancer early. Linking science with public health policy can strengthen preventive oral care and help build a future where fewer people develop oral cancer.