The progress of mitochondrial function and transfer in stem cell regulation and therapy

Mitochondria, serving as central organelles for energy metabolism, play a critical regulatory role in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation-a function increasingly supported by accumulating evidence and closely linked to various aging-related diseases. Central to their function in stem cell pluripotency are several key mechanisms, such as the control of reactive oxygen species, mitophagy, and mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum communication. Mitochondrial transfer, as an emerging intercellular communication mechanism, can enhance stem cell pluripotency and function by replacing damaged mitochondria or activating mitophagy in recipient cells. However, different transfer mechanisms can induce distinct effects on recipient cells. The development of artificial mitochondrial transfer technology, compared to traditional cell transplantation, reduces immune rejection and offers new strategies for stem cell therapy. This review examines the interplay between mitochondrial function and stem cell fate determination, discusses the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial transfer in stem cell-based regenerative strategies, and establishes a theoretical framework for understanding and treating mitochondrial dysfunctions and aging-associated pathologies.