Cardiovascular multimorbidity

1. Cardiovascular multimorbidity is linked with lower walking speed in humans (clinical patterns entered as time-varying measures) (β -0.1).

   “isolated CV multimorbidity impacted only walking speed (β -0.1; p < 0.001)”

   Humansclinical patterns entered as time-varying measures9-year follow-up

   Trajectories of functional decline in older adults with neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular multimorbidity: A Swedish cohort study

   PLoS medicine·Mar 6, 2018

1. Substance use disorders were not clearly linked with cardiovascular multimorbidity in overall adjusted models.

   “In adjusted models, SUDs were not associated with CVD MM”

   Humansin overall adjusted models

   Health insurance type moderates the association between substance use disorders and cardiovascular multimorbidity among U.S. adults - Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug use and Health

   Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy·May 7, 2026

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1. multiple cardiovascular risk factors are associated with cardiovascular multimorbidity in humans.

   “obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, nicotine exposure, physical inactivity, poor sleep, and psychosocial factors frequently cluster during early adulthood”

   Review

   Early Cardiovascular Multimorbidity in Young Adults: Emerging Risk Profiles, Lifelong Exposure, and Strategies for Early Detection

   IECCMEXICO·Aug 30, 2026

1. Medicaid dual eligibility is linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity in humans (adjusted for demographics and comorbidity burden).

   “Dual-eligible beneficiaries were more likely to develop CVD and multimorbidity and had higher mortality rates before and after adjustment.”

   Humansadjusted for demographics and comorbidity burdenmedian 5 yearsn = 2,189,382

   Cardiovascular Multimorbidity and Associated Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries Dually Eligible for Medicaid

   Journal of the American Heart Association·Jul 31, 2026

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1. Smoking is linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity in humans (multivariable adjusted models) (2-3 times higher risk).

   “obesity, current smoking and treatment for diabetes or hypertension were each independently associated with a 2-3 times higher risk of incident CVM.”

   Humansmultivariable adjusted modelsfemales

   Risk factors for multimorbidity of cardiovascular diseases in the prospective Million Women Study

   Open heart·May 21, 2026

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1. Obesity is linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity in humans (multivariable adjusted models) (2-3 times higher risk).

   “obesity, current smoking and treatment for diabetes or hypertension were each independently associated with a 2-3 times higher risk of incident CVM.”

   Humansmultivariable adjusted modelsfemales

   Risk factors for multimorbidity of cardiovascular diseases in the prospective Million Women Study

   Open heart·May 21, 2026

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1. Substance use disorders are linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity in uninsured adults (aOR 2.25, 95% CI 1.28–3.93).

   “uninsured adults with SUDs had higher odds of CVD MM (aOR:2.25, 95% CI:1.28,3.93) compared to uninsured counterparts without SUDs”

   Humansin uninsured adults

   Health insurance type moderates the association between substance use disorders and cardiovascular multimorbidity among U.S. adults - Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug use and Health

   Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy·May 7, 2026

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1. Cardiovascular multimorbidity is associated with mortality in humans (Patients with aortic pathologies grouped by cardiovascular comorbidity).

   “Survival analysis highlighted higher all-cause mortality rates in these multimorbid clusters.”

   HumansPatients with aortic pathologies grouped by cardiovascular comorbidityn = 4,623

   Unsupervised cluster analysis identifies risk profiles driving heterogeneity and survival patterns in aortic aneurysm patients

   Scientific reports·Mar 5, 2026

1. Male sex is linked with a higher risk of cardiovascular multimorbidity in humans (aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.24-1.35).

   “with males facing higher risks of progressing to multimorbidity (aHR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.24-1.35)”

   Humans

   Cardiovascular Multimorbidity in Older Adults in the United States by Race and Sex

   JACC. Advances·Oct 21, 2025

1. Cardiovascular multimorbidity is linked with a higher risk of dementia in humans (fully adjusted model, relative to participants with no disease) (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.24-2.64).

   “and cardiovascular (HR:1.81, 95%CI: 1.24, 2.64) multimorbidity, relative to participants with no disease.”

   Humansfully adjusted model, relative to participants with no diseasemean follow-up of 14.6 yearsn = 7,960

   Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity and Dementia Onset Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Differences by Race/Ethnicity

   The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·Jan 14, 2025

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