Regulation of tumorigenesis by cellular senescence: Mechanisms and pathways in liver cancer and cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Aging is a critical biological process involving multifaceted physiological and pathological changes. Recent research has revealed a complex association between aging and the development of various cancers, particularly in the pathogenesis of liver cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. Aging not only affects cell proliferation and apoptosis but also exerts a dual role in promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis and progression by altering the cellular microenvironment and immune responses. AIM OF REVIEW: This review aims to critically examine the relationship between aging and the initiation and progression of liver cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, with a focus on analyzing aging-related cellular signaling pathways, changes in the microenvironment, and immune responses, among other factors. The goal is to comprehensively understand the distinct characteristics and mechanisms exhibited by these two cancers under the influence of aging. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: By synthesizing existing literature, we aim to provide new perspectives for future research and contribute to the development of early prediction and intervention strategies for liver cancer and cholangiocarcinoma.