The cGAS-STING pathway in age-related ocular diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a crucial component of the innate immune system, which senses abnormal double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm and induces the type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. In cellular senescence, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway triggers the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, thereby exacerbating the senescence phenomenon and leading to age-related ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Herein, we outline the structure of cGAS-STING signaling pathway and its association with cellular senescence, and discuss the mechanism of behavior between cGAS-STING and ocular aging-related diseases. Finally, we summarize the relevant inhibitors of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, thereby offering a novel direction for exploring the mechanism of ocular aging-related inflammatory diseases.