Overview of biomembrane-derived nanoparticles as emerging drug delivery systems for treating bone aging diseases

Bone aging diseases, including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, present significant global health challenges, particularly in countries experiencing demographic aging. Conventional treatment strategies such as pharmacotherapy and lifestyle adjustments frequently yield suboptimal therapeutic outcomes and are carry risks of long-term adverse effects. In recent years, biomembrane-derived nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for advanced drug delivery systems to overcome these limitations. By encapsulating therapeutic agents within biomembranes (cell membrane, extracellular vesicles), these systems enhance biocompatibility, prolong circulation time, and enable targeted delivery to pathological sites. Moreover, biomembranes can be functionally modified to optimize their therapeutic performance. In this review, we explore the pathophysiology of bone aging diseases, current treatment approaches, and the development of biomembrane-derived nanoparticles, with a focus on their potential applications in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. These innovative delivery systems offer the potential to improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects, thereby laying the foundation for clinical translation in the future.