Dual Challenges in the Context of Healthy Aging: A Comprehensive Exploration of the Association between Malnutrition and Cognitive Decline in Disabled Elderly

Disabled older adults represent a population requiring special attention in the context of global aging, with malnutrition and cognitive decline being prevalent and interrelated health concerns. This review systematically examines the association between malnutrition and mental deterioration in this population, with an in-depth exploration of the potential biological mechanisms underlying this relationship. Current evidence suggests that malnutrition accelerates cognitive decline through multiple pathways, including neurotransmitter synthesis impairment, insufficient cerebral energy supply, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and reduced neuroplasticity. Additionally, dysregulation of the gut-brain axis, an emerging mechanism, may influence brain health via alterations in the gut microbiota. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the intricate relationship between malnutrition and cognitive impairment while offering insights into optimizing health management and nutritional strategies for disabled older adults.