Women’s Health Issues across different Life Stages

Health issues specific to women are primarily attributable to ovarian function and become particularly apparent during reproductive age and peri-menopausal age. Ovarian function can be broadly categorized into two aspects: the secretion of ovarian steroids including estradiol (E2) and the ability to nurture eggs. To better understand health issues specific to women, it is helpful to understand three key points regarding ovarian function: the changes that occur in the body during the menstrual cycle; the rapid changes in female hormone levels during peri-menopausal age; and the fact that oocytes are not produced after birth. Among the issues related to the E2 secretion, menstrual-related issues arise when these hormones are being secreted, while menopausal symptoms occur when secretion levels decline. Regarding the function of nurtured eggs, infertility is a key issue. Among menstrual-related issues, typical examples when ovulation and menstruation are present include premenstrual syndrome (PMS), endometriosis, and uterine fibroids. A representative condition in cases where ovulation and menstruation do not occur is polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), previously known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Furthermore, while a decline in the secretion of female hormones can cause menopausal symptoms and disorders, it is important to note that these are caused by a combination of endocrine factors, and psychosocial factors associated with environmental changes are also involved. Furthermore, infertility related to the ovarian function responsible for nurturing eggs has become a common issue in Japan due to the rising age at which women wish to have children. This is because oocytes are not produced after birth; consequently, as women age, the decline in both the quantity and quality of eggs leads to lower pregnancy rates and higher miscarriage rates. Recognizing that women face unique health challenges throughout their life course, the Children and Families Agency and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare are implementing various initiatives. Furthermore, an increasing number of companies are promoting their own support measures to address health issues specific to women. To overcome and prevent health challenges specific to women, it is essential for women themselves to improve their health literacy, establish a relationship with a gynecologist, and make effective use of the various support services that are available. To raise awareness and build support systems, we look forward to continuing to collaborate with those who are involved in women's health support.