Poverty

1. Poverty has no effect on visceral adipose tissue in humans.

   “Measures of poverty and social disadvantage were not associated with childhood and visceral fat or liver fat.”

   Humanschildhood

   Early-life Poverty, Social Disadvantage and Adiposity from Childhood to Young Adulthood · Research Square · 21 Aug 2026 · Preprint

Visceral adipose tissue →

1. Poverty increases total fat mass in humans (difference in total fat mass SDS 0.17 (95% CI 0.02, 0.33)).

   “a higher total fat mass from the age of 10 years onwards (difference in total fat mass SDS at the age of 18 years 0.17, 95% CI 0.02, 0.33)”

   Humansearly-life exposure

   Early-life Poverty, Social Disadvantage and Adiposity from Childhood to Young Adulthood · Research Square · 21 Aug 2026 · Preprint

Total fat mass →

1. Poverty increases BMI in humans (difference in BMI standard deviation score 0.17 (95% CI 0.01, 0.32)).

   “those exposed had a higher offspring BMI from the age of 6 years onwards (difference in BMI standard deviation score [SDS] at the age of 18 years 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.32)”

   Humansearly-life exposure

   Early-life Poverty, Social Disadvantage and Adiposity from Childhood to Young Adulthood · Research Square · 21 Aug 2026 · Preprint

BMI →

1. Poverty raises the risk of obesity in humans (OR 1.45 (95% CI 1.06, 2.00)).

   “a higher risk of overweight and obesity at ages 6 and 18 years (odds ratio at the age of 18 years 1.45, 95% CI 1.06, 2.00)”

   Humansearly-life exposure

   Early-life Poverty, Social Disadvantage and Adiposity from Childhood to Young Adulthood · Research Square · 21 Aug 2026 · Preprint

Obesity →