Glucosamine + chondroitin

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin decreases adverse effects in humans (minimal or no adverse effects).

   “most safety studies indicating minimal or no adverse effects.”

   Reviewosteoarthritis and joint pain

   The Safety and Efficacy of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin in Humans: A Systematic Review

   Nutrients·Jun 24, 2025

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin decreases osteoarthritis in humans (over 90% of efficacy studies reporting positive outcomes).

   “glucosamine and chondroitin are generally effective and well-tolerated, particularly for managing osteoarthritis and joint pain.”

   Reviewosteoarthritis and joint pain

   The Safety and Efficacy of Glucosamine and/or Chondroitin in Humans: A Systematic Review

   Nutrients·Jun 24, 2025

More on Osteoarthritis

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin induces allergic reaction in humans.

   “she developed an itchy rash on her torso and legs. Over the next few hours, the rash spread over her entire body, and facial swelling developed.”

   Human triallumbar degenerative joint diseasepillsfemales

   Delayed Skin Allergy to Glucosamine Chondroitin Supplement

   Cureus·Mar 17, 2023

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin has no effect on knee osteoarthritis in humans.

   “glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation for 4 weeks showed no additional benefits.”

   Human trialin knee osteoarthritis patients receiving manual therapy and resistance exercise training4 weeksn = 24

   Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplementation in addition to resistance exercise training and manual therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial

   JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association·Jul 1, 2022

More on Knee osteoarthritis

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin decreases IL-6 in humans (-9% (P=0.001, FDR<0.05)).

   “Serum IL-6 was significantly reduced (by 9%, P=0.001) after GH+CS, and satisfied the FDR<0.05 threshold.”

   Human trialknee osteoarthritisserum1500 mg GH + 1200 mg CS daily6 monthsn = 96

   Differences in Serum Biomarkers Between Combined Glucosamine and Chondroitin Versus Celecoxib in a Randomized, Double-blind Trial in Osteoarthritis Patients

   Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry·Jan 1, 2020

More on IL-6

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin improves osteoarthritis pain in humans.

   “the 2 in combination showed a significant level of efficacy in the moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis subgroup of the GAIT”

   Reviewmoderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis subgroup

   Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate: What Has Been Learned Since the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial

   Orthopedics·May 18, 2018

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin has no effect on functional impairment in humans.

   “Both placebo treatment and CS/GS combination treatment improved to a similar extent the total WOMAC score as well as the pain and function WOMAC subscale scores”

   Human trialin patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritisCS 1,200 mg plus GS 1,500 mg daily6 monthsn = 164

   Combined Treatment With Chondroitin Sulfate and Glucosamine Sulfate Shows No Superiority Over Placebo for Reduction of Joint Pain and Functional Impairment in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Six-Month Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

   Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)·Jan 1, 2017

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin decreases inflammation in humans (P = 2.6 x 10-16).

   “the most significant being a reduction in the "cytokine activity" pathway (P = 2.6 x 10-16), after glucosamine and chondroitin compared to placebo.”

   Human trialhealthy, overweightglucosamine hydrochloride plus chondroitin sulfateplasma1500 mg/d + 1200 mg/d28 daysn = 18

   Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans

   PloS one·Feb 26, 2015

More on Inflammation

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin decreases C-reactive protein in humans (-23% (P = 0.048)).

   “Serum CRP concentrations were 23% lower after glucosamine and chondroitin compared to placebo (P = 0.048).”

   Human trialhealthy, overweightglucosamine hydrochloride plus chondroitin sulfateserum1500 mg/d + 1200 mg/d28 daysn = 18

   Randomized trial of glucosamine and chondroitin supplementation on inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma proteomics profiles in healthy humans

   PloS one·Feb 26, 2015

More on C-reactive protein

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin has no effect on joint pain in humans (-0.5 cm, 95% CrI -0.9 to 0.0 cm).

   “-0.5 cm (-0.9 to 0.0 cm) for the combination”

   Reviewosteoarthritis of the hip or kneen = 3,803

   Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis

   BMJ (Clinical research ed.)·Sep 16, 2010

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin lowers the risk of cardiovascular mortality in humans (HR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.75).

   “CVD mortality, HR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.23-0.75”

   Humansa year or longern = 16,686

   Glucosamine/Chondroitin and Mortality in a US NHANES Cohort

   Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM·Jan 1, 2020

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin lowers the risk of mortality in humans (HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93).

   “Multivariable-adjusted HR showed that the association was maintained after adjustment for age, sex, race, education, smoking status, and physical activity (all-cause mortality, HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.93”

   Humansa year or longern = 16,686

   Glucosamine/Chondroitin and Mortality in a US NHANES Cohort

   Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM·Jan 1, 2020

1. Glucosamine + chondroitin is associated with osteoarthritis pain in humans.

   “The findings of these studies are mixed, owing in some cases to the high rate of placebo response added to by the ethical incorporation of rescue analgesics”

   Reviewosteoarthritis

   Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate: What Has Been Learned Since the Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial

   Orthopedics·May 18, 2018