Bpde

1. Bpde induces cellular senescence in cells (LOAEL 0.1-0.25 μM).

   “Our data indicate a PoD with a LOAEL (lowest observed adverse effect level) between 0.1 and 0.25 μM for DNA strand break formation, DDR activation, induction of cell death and cellular senescence.”

   Cells0.1 to 0.25 μM

   Points of Departure for BPDE-induced cellular senescence and cell death are characterized by altered DNA damage signaling and regulated by unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks

   Archives of toxicology·21 May 2026

2. Bpde induces cellular senescence in mice.

   “β-galactosidase-positive cells, and the mRNA levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) were all elevated in mouse lungs and mouse lung epithelial type II (MLE-12) cells after chronic BPDE”

   Animalschronic exposurelung

   AhR-mediated histone lactylation drives cellular senescence during benzo[a]pyrene-evoked chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

   Journal of hazardous materials·26 Jun 2025

More on Cellular senescence

1. Bpde induces mutagenicity in cells.

   “Importantly, BPDE-induced mutagenicity was observed predominantly at low BPDE concentration that failed to trigger the DDR and cellular senescence.”

   Cellslow concentration

   Points of Departure for BPDE-induced cellular senescence and cell death are characterized by altered DNA damage signaling and regulated by unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks

   Archives of toxicology·21 May 2026

1. Bpde increases cell killing (cytotoxicity) in cells (1 μM).

   “A high amount of cell death was observed at a dose of 1 μM and was accompanied by accumulation of DNA strand breaks and mediated by a switch from the p53Ser15 signaling axis to the p53Ser46 axis of the DDR.”

   Cells1 μM

   Points of Departure for BPDE-induced cellular senescence and cell death are characterized by altered DNA damage signaling and regulated by unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks

   Archives of toxicology·21 May 2026

More on Cell killing (cytotoxicity)

1. Bpde induces chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice.

   “evoked chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-like lung lesions”

   Animalschronic exposurelung

   AhR-mediated histone lactylation drives cellular senescence during benzo[a]pyrene-evoked chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

   Journal of hazardous materials·26 Jun 2025

More on Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1. Bpde impairs pulmonary function in mice.

   “chronic BPDE exposure decreased pulmonary function”

   Animalschronic exposurelung

   AhR-mediated histone lactylation drives cellular senescence during benzo[a]pyrene-evoked chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

   Journal of hazardous materials·26 Jun 2025