Parkinson's disease incidence

1. Salbutamol is associated with Parkinson's disease incidence in humans (replication of earlier reported association).

   “Previously reported contrasting associations of salbutamol and propranolol with Parkinson's disease incidence were confirmed.”

   Humansreplication of earlier reported association

   Retrospective case-control study of pre-diagnosis observational and prescription data in Parkinson's disease

   Scientific reports·Jun 12, 2026

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1. Poultry consumption is associated with Parkinson's disease incidence in humans.

   “PD incidence has increased alongside poultry consumption”

   HumansEcological association, especially in regions using high-throughput, chlorine-based processing

   Food-Chain Spirochetes: A Unified Hypothesis for Parkinson’s and Dementia Risk

   Preprints.org·Feb 2, 2026Preprint

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1. Thiazolidinediones are associated with Parkinson's disease incidence in humans (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59–0.92).

   “An inverse association between use of TZDs and incidence of PD, with a HR of 0.74 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.92), was observed”

   HumansMainland Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; compared with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

   Thiazolidinedione use and risk of Parkinson's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

   NPJ Parkinson's disease·Oct 21, 2022

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1. Obesity is associated with Parkinson's disease incidence in humans (Obesity compared with normal BMI; exposures lagged by 5 years) (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.98; 20-year lag: HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30-0.88).

   “PD incidence was lower (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59-0.98, p = 0.032) among women with obesity compared with those with normal BMI.”

   HumansObesity compared with normal BMI; exposures lagged by 5 years29-year follow-upfemalesn = 96,702

   Body Mass Index, Abdominal Adiposity, and Incidence of Parkinson Disease in French Women From the E3N Cohort Study

   Neurology·Oct 3, 2022

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