Vitamin D deficiency
Biomarker2 findings
Effects
1Retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane complex thickness
upin humans1
1 study
Retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane complex thickness
upin humans1
Vitamin D deficiency increases retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane complex thickness in humans (β = 0.07 μm/year; 95% CI: 0.01-0.13).
Humansretina<25 nmol/l18 yearsn = 429
Vitamin D deficiency links to intermediate macular degeneration · Ophthalmology science · 17 Aug 2026
Retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch membrane complex thickness →
Associations
1Age-related macular degeneration
upin humans1HR 2.34
1 study
Age-related macular degeneration
upin humans1HR 2.34
Vitamin D deficiency raises the risk of age-related macular degeneration in humans (HR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.19-4.61).
Humanscompared to sufficient levels (≥50 nmol/l)retina<25 nmol/l18 yearsn = 429
Vitamin D deficiency links to intermediate macular degeneration · Ophthalmology science · 17 Aug 2026
Latest
12Vitamin D deficiency links to intermediate macular degeneration
Deficiency (<25 nmol/l) was associated with incident intermediate AMD with a hazard ratio of 2.34 compared to sufficient levels (≥50 nmol/l).Deficiency (<25 nmol/l) was associated with incident intermediate AMD with a hazard ratio of 2.34 compared to sufficient levels (≥50 nmol/l).