Interactions between dietary intake and GLP-1 biology: implications for metabolic dysfunction and aging

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have emerged as highly effective therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes by improving glycemic control and reducing body weight, primarily through the suppression of energy intake. Recent evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between dietary intake and GLP-1 biology. Dietary factors, including caloric intake, meal timing, and macronutrient composition, may influence endogenous GLP-1 secretion, while GLP-1-based therapies may alter food choice and macronutrient preference. This review discusses the effects of dietary intake on endogenous GLP-1 regulation and examines how GLP-1-based therapies influence ingestive behavior and food preference, with particular emphasis on the responses to macronutrient composition. We further discuss the potential interaction between dietary intake and pharmacological GLP-1 signaling and its implications for metabolic health and aging. A better understanding of these bidirectional interactions may contribute to the development of personalized nutritional approaches that complement GLP-1-based therapies and improve long-term management of metabolic dysfunction.