Mind-body exercise as epigenetic modulators: Rewiring neural circuits for stress resilience and cognitive aging

Mind-body exercises (MBEs), such as Tai Chi and yoga, have demonstrated beneficial effects on cognitive function and stress resilience across various populations. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these effects are not yet fully understood. Recent studies suggest that MBEs may influence neurobiological systems through epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. This review critically evaluates the current empirical evidence linking MBEs to epigenetic changes and explores their potential downstream effects on neural circuitry and cognitive outcomes. Special attention is given to biomarkers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), and FKBP5, which are involved in stress regulation and neuroplasticity. While preliminary findings are promising, most studies to date are cross-sectional, involve small sample sizes, or lack mechanistic validation. We propose a conceptual epigenetic-neural circuit model to guide future research into how MBEs may induce lasting neurobiological adaptations. Clarifying these mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted, evidence-based interventions to support healthy cognitive aging and stress regulation.