A multidimensional epidemiological perspective on frailty dynamics and prevention

Frailty, characterized by reduced resilience and increased vulnerability, is a growing public health concern in aging populations. It is increasingly recognized as a dynamic and potentially reversible condition, with transitions between non-frail, pre-frail, and frail states. Recent research has advanced our understanding of frailty through improved multidimensional assessment instruments, trajectories and transitions, and recognition of key risk factors. Here, we synthesize current epidemiological evidence, emphasizing the fluctuating nature of frailty and the potential for early intervention to halt or reverse its progression. We discuss both modifiable and non-modifiable contributors and highlight intervention strategies focused on physical activity, nutrition, and social and environmental support, and aim to inform future directions from a dynamic perspective for prevention and precision management of frailty.