Xenotransplantation

1. Xenotransplantation activates IL-1 signalling in humans.

   “Blood analyses revealed recurrent neutrophil-rich intervals with early degranulation and interleukin-1 signalling”

   Human trialpaired pig liver and kidney xenotransplantationn = 1

   Multi-omic profiling of paired pig liver and kidney xenografts in a human decedent · Research Square · 25 Aug 2026 · Preprint

IL-1 signalling →

1. Xenotransplantation increases SPP1/TREM2 macrophages in humans (98.2%).

   “Recipient-derived liver innate immune cells are C1Q-dominant at day 3 and 98.2% SPP1/TREM2 macrophages at day 11”

   Human trialpaired pig liver and kidney xenotransplantationliver11 daysn = 1

   Multi-omic profiling of paired pig liver and kidney xenografts in a human decedent · Research Square · 25 Aug 2026 · Preprint

SPP1/TREM2 macrophages →

1. Xenotransplantation is associated with innate immune responses.

   Reviewin xenotransplantation

   Multiomic analyses in xenotransplantation: Hypothesis generation and the path toward precision diagnostics: Vital Insights into Xenotransplantation · American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 23 Sep 2026