Metabolic syndrome

1. Metabolic syndrome was not clearly linked with Alzheimer's disease in humans.

   “but the effect on Alzheimer's disease was not significant.”

   Humans

   Associations of metabolic syndrome with cognitive function and dementia risk: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort

   Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·Oct 3, 2024

2. Metabolic syndrome was not clearly linked with Alzheimer's disease in humans (genetically predicted, Mendelian randomization).

   “no significant association between MetS and its components and Alzheimer's disease”

   Humansgenetically predicted, Mendelian randomizationgenetically predicted

   Genetic Insights into the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Dementia: A Mendelian Randomization

   Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·Jan 1, 2023

More on Alzheimer's disease

1. Metabolic syndrome was not clearly linked with colorectal cancer in humans (age <60 years) (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.89-1.25).

   “but not in younger females (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.89-1.25).”

   Humansage <60 years11.8 yearsfemales

   Age- and sex-dependent associations of metabolic syndrome with colorectal cancer in the UK Biobank

   British journal of cancer·Jul 30, 2026

More on Colorectal cancer

1. Metabolic syndrome was not clearly linked with dementia in humans (genetically predicted, Mendelian randomization).

   “Genetically predicted MetS and its five components are not causally associated with the increasing risk of dementia (all p > 0.05).”

   Humansgenetically predicted, Mendelian randomizationgenetically predicted

   Genetic Insights into the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Dementia: A Mendelian Randomization

   Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·Jan 1, 2023

More on Dementia

1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with higher Klotho in humans (p < 0.001).

   “anti-fibrotic (relaxin 1, relaxin 3, Klotho, p < 0.001)”

   Humansserum

   Pulmonary function changes in older adults with and without metabolic syndrome

   Scientific reports·Aug 30, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with higher VEGF in humans (p < 0.001).

   “pro-fibrotic (VEGF, p < 0.001)”

   Humansserum

   Pulmonary function changes in older adults with and without metabolic syndrome

   Scientific reports·Aug 30, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with higher IL-10 in humans (p < 0.001).

   “anti-inflammatory cytokines (adiponectin, IL-1ra, IL-10, p < 0.001)”

   Humansserum

   Pulmonary function changes in older adults with and without metabolic syndrome

   Scientific reports·Aug 30, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with higher IL-1β in humans (p < 0.001).

   “Pro-inflammatory (leptin, IL-1beta, IL-8, p < 0.001; TNF-alpha, p < 0.04)”

   Humansserum

   Pulmonary function changes in older adults with and without metabolic syndrome

   Scientific reports·Aug 30, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with higher respiratory system resistance in humans (p < 0.009).

   “The total resistance of the respiratory system (R5Hz; p < 0.009)”

   Humanslung

   Pulmonary function changes in older adults with and without metabolic syndrome

   Scientific reports·Aug 30, 2021

1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with worse functional performance in humans (adjusted for baseline functional performance and covariates) (IADL beta 0.15 (95% CI 0.07-0.23); ADL beta 0.10 (95% CI 0.01-0.18)).

   “Baseline MetS was also associated with an increase in the number of IADL (beta = 0.15, 95% CI 0.07-0.23) and ADL limitations (beta = 0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.18)”

   Humansadjusted for baseline functional performance and covariates4 years

   Metabolic syndrome predicts incident disability and functional decline among Chinese older adults: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

   Aging clinical and experimental research·Mar 20, 2021

1. Metabolic syndrome was not clearly linked with frailty/prefrailty in those aged 80 years and older.

   “among those ≥80 years of age, the association between MetS and frailty/prefrailty disappeared (p = 0.329)”

   Humansin those aged 80 years and older

   Advanced Age and Chronic Kidney Disease Modify the Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Elderly

   Rejuvenation research·Aug 20, 2019

1. Metabolic syndrome is associated with calcific aortic valve stenosis in humans (linkage disequilibrium score regression, genetic correlation) (rg = 0.264, p = 4.61 × 10–26).

   “LDSC analysis identified MetS and CAVS (rg = 0.264, p = 4.61 × 10–26)”

   Humanslinkage disequilibrium score regression, genetic correlation

   Causal inference and mediating pathways of metabolic syndrome on calcific aortic valve stenosis: linkage disequilibrium score regression and two-sample, two-step mendelian randomization study

   Journal of cardiothoracic surgery·Mar 19, 2026

2. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of calcific aortic valve stenosis in humans (two-sample Mendelian randomization using GWAS summary statistics) (OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.60–2.07).

   “In the two-sample MR study, Mets (p = 1.39 × 10–20, OR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.60–2.07)”

   Humanstwo-sample Mendelian randomization using GWAS summary statistics

   Causal inference and mediating pathways of metabolic syndrome on calcific aortic valve stenosis: linkage disequilibrium score regression and two-sample, two-step mendelian randomization study

   Journal of cardiothoracic surgery·Mar 19, 2026

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of colorectal cancer in humans (age <60 years) (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.15-1.50).

   “MetS was most strongly associated with CRC in younger males (hazard ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.15-1.50)”

   Humansage <60 years11.8 yearsmales

   Age- and sex-dependent associations of metabolic syndrome with colorectal cancer in the UK Biobank

   British journal of cancer·Jul 30, 2026

More on Colorectal cancer

1. Metabolic syndrome is associated with cognitive impairment in humans.

   “MetS was significantly associated with cognitive function related to fluid intelligence and prospective memory at follow-up.”

   Humans

   Associations of metabolic syndrome with cognitive function and dementia risk: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort

   Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·Oct 3, 2024

More on Cognitive impairment

1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of vascular dementia in humans (HR 1.393 (95% CI: 1.233, 1.575)).

   “particularly vascular dementia (VaD) [hazard ratio 1.115 (95% confidence interval: 1.047, 1.187), hazard ratio 1.393 (95% confidence interval: 1.233, 1.575), respectively]”

   Humans

   Associations of metabolic syndrome with cognitive function and dementia risk: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort

   Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·Oct 3, 2024

More on Vascular dementia

1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of dementia in humans (HR 1.115 (95% CI: 1.047, 1.187)).

   “MetS was correlated with elevated risk of all-cause dementia, particularly vascular dementia (VaD) [hazard ratio 1.115 (95% confidence interval: 1.047, 1.187), hazard ratio 1.393 (95% confidence interval: 1.233, 1.575), respectively]”

   Humans

   Associations of metabolic syndrome with cognitive function and dementia risk: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort

   Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·Oct 3, 2024

More on Dementia

1. Metabolic syndrome raises the risk of mild cognitive impairment in humans.

   “MetS was associated with a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and progression from MCI to dementia, particularly vascular dementia.”

   Review

   Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Function

   Current cardiology reports·Oct 19, 2021

More on Mild cognitive impairment

1. Metabolic syndrome is associated with cognitive function in cross-sectional studies.

   “MetS was associated with lower domain-specific and global cognitive function in most cross-sectional studies”

   Reviewin cross-sectional studies

   Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Function

   Current cardiology reports·Oct 19, 2021

1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of breast cancer in humans (postmenopausal women).

   “Obesity and MetS were independently associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women”

   Humanspostmenopausal womenfemales

   Associations between obesity, metabolic health, and the risk of breast cancer in East Asian women

   British journal of cancer·Sep 22, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is associated with GDF-15 in humans (fully adjusted model) (9.34% [5.16,13.7]).

   “MS was associated with higher GDF-15 levels (fully adjusted mean increase [95% confidence interval] = 9.34% [5.16,13.7])”

   Humansfully adjusted modeln = 1,938

   Metabolic syndrome and Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in older adults

   GeroScience·May 7, 2021

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1. Metabolic syndrome is linked with a higher risk of disability in humans (participants disability-free at baseline) (IADL OR 1.28 (95% CI 1.05-1.55); ADL OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.05-1.53)).

   “Baseline MetS was related to increased odds of incident IADL disability (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.55) and incident ADL disability (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.05-1.53)”

   Humansparticipants disability-free at baseline4 years

   Metabolic syndrome predicts incident disability and functional decline among Chinese older adults: results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

   Aging clinical and experimental research·Mar 20, 2021

More on Disability