Lifetime gonad hormone exposure

Lifetime gonad hormone exposure is associated with late-life robustness in dogs (3-fold higher likelihood of late-life robustness).

“dogs with highest gonad exposure had a statistically significant 3-fold (females) to 10-fold (males) higher likelihood of late-life robustness.”

AnimalsHighest versus lowest lifetime gonad exposure groupLifetime gonad exposurefemalesn = 135

Applying a life course approach to elucidate the biology of sex differences in frailty: early-life gonadectomy diminishes late-life robustness in male and female dogs in the Exceptional Aging in Rottweilers Study

Biology of sex differences·16 Jul 2025