KN-93

1. KN-93 improves contextual memory in mice (33.5% vs 19.3% freezing).

   “rescued contextual memory deficits (Sev+KN-93: 33.5% [7.3%] freezing vs Sev+vehicle: 19.3% [4.4%]; P=0.0139) induced by sevoflurane.”

   Animalsin sevoflurane-treated aged mice

   Sevoflurane alters α5β3GABAA receptor trafficking via calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-dependent β3 subunit phosphorylation to produce cognitive impairment in aged mice

   British journal of anaesthesia·27 Jan 2026

1. KN-93 protects against ventricular fibrillation in rats.

   “These arrhythmias were suppressed by the reducing agent N-acetylcysteine (2 mM) and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 (1 microM) but not by its inactive form (KN-92, 1 microM).”

   Animalsheart1 microM

   Increased susceptibility of aged hearts to ventricular fibrillation during oxidative stress

   American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·18 Sep 2009

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