Illiteracy

1. Illiteracy impairs metric measurement invariance of language assessment in humans (LASI-DAD Δχ2=49.88, p < .001; Mex-Cog Δχ2=39.62, p < .001).

   “relative fit statistics significantly differed between configural and metric invariance in LASI-DAD (Δχ2=49.88; Δdf = 13; p < .001) and Mex-Cog (Δχ2=39.62; Δdf = 9; p < .001)”

   Humansacross literacy status in India and Mexico

   Examining Measurement Invariance in the Assessment of Language Across Literacy Status in India and Mexico

   GSA 2025 abstract·31 Dec 2025

1. Illiteracy impairs cognitive function in humans.

   “illiterate participants showed worse memory, language, and visuospatial functioning at baseline than literate participants”

   Humans≤4 years of schooling

   Illiteracy, dementia risk, and cognitive trajectories among older adults with low education

   Neurology·13 Nov 2019

1. Illiteracy is associated with severe cognitive impairment in humans (AOR 2.85, 95% CI 1.35–4.45).

   “Important factors found to be associated with severe CI were illiteracy (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.85, 95% CI: 1.35-4.45)”

   HumansElderly participants in Telangana, India; adjusted associationn = 384

   Cognitive Impairment and Its Associated Determinants Among the Elderly Population of Telangana, India: An Analytical Prevalence Study

   Cureus·2 Jun 2024

More on Severe cognitive impairment

1. Illiteracy raises the risk of dementia in humans (almost 3 times as likely).

   “Illiterate participants were almost 3 times as likely to have dementia at baseline compared to literate participants.”

   Humans≤4 years of schoolingn = 983

   Illiteracy, dementia risk, and cognitive trajectories among older adults with low education

   Neurology·13 Nov 2019

More on Dementia