High-grade prostate cancer

1. Testosterone has no effect on high-grade prostate cancer in humans (HR 1.62, 95% CI 0.39-6.77).

   “The incidence of high-grade prostate cancer did not differ significantly between groups (5 of 2596 [0.19%] in the TRT group vs 3 of 2602 [0.12%] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.39-6.77; P =.51).”

   Human trial21.8 (14.2) months in the TRT group and 21.6 (14.0) months in the placebo group

   Prostate Safety Events During Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: A Randomized Clinical Trial

   JAMA network open·Dec 1, 2023

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1. black race raises the risk of high-grade prostate cancer in humans (RRR 2.44, 95% CI 1.29-4.64).

   “associated with GG2 + PC (RRR: 2.44, 95%CI: 1.29-4.64) at the 2-year biopsy.”

   Human trialamong patients who underwent 2-year biopsy2 yearsmales

   Black Race Predicts Poor Compliance and Higher Prostate Cancer Risk in a Multinational Repeat Biopsy Cohort: Secondary Analysis From the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) Clinical Trial

   The Prostate·Aug 31, 2026

1. 4Kscore predicts high-grade prostate cancer in humans (AUC 0.734 vs 0.595).

   “Predictions from the 4K model using adjusted markers improved discrimination over adjusted total PSA alone (AUC 0.734 vs 0.595; p < 0.001).”

   Human trialin men on finasteride biopsied for causemalesn = 459

   Estimating the Effect of Finasteride on Kallikrein Marker Levels in Blood and the Use of Converted Markers in the Four-Kallikrein Model

   European urology focus·Mar 20, 2026

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